USEFUL  REFERENCE  SERIES  No.  17 


The  Practical  Use 

of 
Books  and  Libraries 

(THIRD  EDITION) 


The 

Practical  Use 

of 

Books  and  Libraries 

An  Elementary  Manual 


By 

Gilbert  O.  Ward 

Technical  Librarian 

formerly 

Supervisor  of  High  School  Branches 
Cleveland  Public  Library 


THIRD   EDITION 
REVISED   AND   ENLARGED 


Boston,  Mass. 

The  Boston  Book  Company 
1917 


Copyright,  1911,  1914,  1916,  by 
The   Boston   Book   Company 


The  River  dale  Press,  Brookline,  Boston,  Mass. 


Preface 

The  object  of  this  Manual  is  twofold  —  first,  to 
provide  very  elementary  instruction  for  young  persons, 
such  as  high  school  students  and  library  apprentices, 
who  do  not  know  how  to  use  books  and  libraries,  and 
second,  to  serve  as  an  outline  for  teachers  or  librarians 
who  have  to  give  such  instruction.  It  is  not  to  inform 
the  trained  student  or  librarian.  For  these  reasons,  the 
selections  from  the  indexes,  the  examples  of  catalogue 
cards,  the  various  lists,  etc.,  are  chosen  not  as  models, 
but  as  typical  illustrations.  For  the  sake  of  clearness 
and  compactness,  I  have  purposely  left  out  details  and 
exceptions  whenever  it  seemed  that  their  absence  would 
not  be  practically  misleading. 

The  order  of  study  and  method  of  instruction  recom- 
mended for  high  school  classes  is  given  in  the  Teaching 
Outline  which  accompanies  the  Manual.1 

I  owe  thanks  to  numerous  teachers  and  librarians  for 
criticism  of  the  Manual  in  manuscript  and  to  Messrs. 
The  Century  Company,  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Company, 
and  G.  &  C.  Merriam  Company,  for  permission  to  repro- 
duce selections  from  their  respective  dictionaries.  As  to 
sources,  I  have  made  particular  use  of  Dana's  Bookbind- 
ing for  Libraries,  and  Kroeger's  Guide  to  the  Study  and 
Use  of  Reference  Books. 

1NOTE. —  The  Teaching  Outline  is  not  issued  to  accompany  the  third 
edition  of  this  book,  but  will  be  superseded  by  a  forthcoming  work  of 
somewhat  broader  scope  to  be  published  in  the  early  part  of  1917. — 
Publisher. 


345370 


Preface  to  the  Second  Edition 

In  this  edition,  the  chapter  on  Reference  Books  and 
that  on  Magazines  have  been  revised  to  bring  their  con- 
tents down  to  date,  and  the  former  has  been  considerably 
enlarged;  explanatory  lists  of  common  abbreviations 
relating  to  books  or  found  in  library  catalogues  have  been 
added  and  many  minor  changes  made. 

June,  1914. 


Preface  to  the  Third  Edition 

The  whole  text  has  been  gone  over  and  carefully 
revised  wherever  it  seemed  to  demand  greater  clearness, 
simplicity,  brevity,  or  point.  This  has  meant  the 
rewriting  of  many  passages,  and,  in  some  cases,  the 
rearrangement  of  matter.  Some  non-essential  material 
has  been  dropped  and  a  somewhat  greater  amount  of 
new  material  has  been  added. 

The  changes  are  too  many  to  mention  in  detail,  but 
some  of  the  more  important  are  as  follows :  The  maga- 
zine list  has  been  made  more  representative  of  what  the 
student  encounters  in  using  the  general  magazine  indexes 
and  has  been  arranged  so  as  to  give  prominence  to  those 
periodicals  of  most  general  interest  Certain  sections 
on  debate  work  of  which  the  subjects  seemed  as  well  or 
better  treated  in  debating  text-books  have  been  replaced 
by  detailed  directions  for  making  a  working  bibliography. 
The  chapter  on  book  buying  has  been  prefaced  with  a 
description  of  some  of  the  principal  sources  of  informa- 
tion about  books  with  especial  attention  to  the  subject  of 
book  reviews.  Finally,  the  entire  work  has  been  reset. 

Despite  numerous  changes,  however,  the  general  plan, 
intention,  and  method  of  presentation  remain  as  in  the 
first  and  second  editions. 

September,  1916. 


Contents 

Chapter  Page 

Preface v 

Preface  to  the  Second  Edition      ....  vi 

Preface  to  the  Third  Edition       ....  vii 

I.     The  Structure  and  Care  of  a  Book  ...  1 

II.    The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book 5 

III.  The  Arrangement  of  Books  in  Libraries       .  1 7 

IV.  The  Card  Catalogue 21 

V.     Reference  Books 30 

VI.     Magazines  and  Magazine  Indexes     ...  59 
VII.     Reference   Work:    Bibliographies,    Notes, 

Debating 73 

VIII.     Sources    of    Information    about     Books; 

Book  Buying 85 

Appendix:   Specimen    Extracts   from    the 

Dictionaries 99 

Index Ill 


Chapter  I 

The  Structure  and  Care  of  a  Book 

1.  The  structure  of  a  book.  —  In  learning  to  use 
books,  the  first  thing  to  know  is  how  to  care  for  them. 
To  do  this  intelligently,  it  is  necessary  to  understand 
something  of  the  way  a  book  is  built. 

If  we  look  through  a  new  book  carefully  to  see  how 
it  is  put  together,  we  discover  that  it  is  made  up  of  a 
number  of  sections,  and  that  each  section  in  turn  is  made 
up  of  several  pages.  At  the  middle  of  each  section  in 
the  fold  between  the  two  pages  we  find  several  long 
stitches. 

In  the  process  of  binding,  these  sections  are  sewed 
together  usually  by  machine,  each  section  being  caught 
by  the  thread  to  its  neighbor.  A  piece  of  thin  cloth  is 
glued  or  pasted  over  the  back  to  reinforce  the  sewing, 
and  is  allowed  to  overhang  a  little  on  each  side.  Over 
the  cloth  is  pasted  a  strip  of  paper,  which,  with  the  cloth 
and  the  glue,  helps  to  keep  the  book  together  and  in 
shape.  The  book  is  then  inserted  in  its  covers  or  ''case," 
which  has  been  made  and  finished  separately,  and  is 
pasted  into  the  case  by  the  overhanging  edges  of  cloth. 
In  a  finished  book  the  cloth  can  be  seen  showing  through 
the  paper  on  the  inside  of  the  cover.  A  book  with  its 
covers  attached  in  this  way  is  said  to  be  "cased"  (not 
"bound"),  and  most  modern  books  are  thus  treated. 

Sometimes,  especially  in  the  case  of  expensive  books, 
the  sewing  is  done  by  hand.  In  this  case,  the  sections 
are  sewed  to  a  set  of  two  or  more  cords  or  tapes  running 


2  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

crosswise  of  the  back  of  the  book.  The  points  at  which 
the  stitches  at  the  middle  of  each  section  enter  the  paper 
show  the  position  of  the  cords;  and  in  an  old  book, 
where  two  sections  have  worked  apart,  the  cords  can 
be  seen.  The  cords  are  laced  into  or  pasted  to  the  lids 
and  the  book  then  receives  its  covering  of  cloth  or 
leather.  A  book  which  is  thus  treated  is  said  to  be 
"bound".  Bound  books  are  stronger  than  cased  books.1 

2.  Enemies  of  books.  —  The  commonest  enemies 
of  books  are  rough  handling,  heat,  moisture,  and  dirt. 

All  the  ways  of  mishandling  a  book  are  too  many  to 
mention.  Dropping  or  throwing,  however,  usually 
strains  and  weakens  the  cloth  strips  by  which  an  ordinary 
book  is  glued  to  its  covers,  and  may  jolt  the  inside  loose 
from  the  covers  completely.  Laying  an  open  book  face 
down  tends  to  deform  and  may  break  its  back,  that  is, 
crack  the  coating  of  glue,  cloth,  and  paper  which  keeps 
the  book  in  shape.  When  the  latter  happens,  a  per- 
manent hinge  is  formed  at  the  place  where  the  book  was 
opened,  and  the  stitching  at  that  point  is  always  there- 
after overworked  as  the  book  will  naturally  open  there. 
Other  things  which  strain  a  book  are  tight  strapping, 
leaning  on  it  when  open,  or  using  it  as  a  holder  for  any- 
thing such  as  notes.  To  fold  a  leaf  or  turn  down  its 
corner  cracks  and  spoils  the  paper  permanently. 

Heat  dries  and  thus  makes  glue  more  likely  to  crack. 
It  also  warps  covers,  causes  leather  binding  to  rot,  and 
paper  to  become  brittle.  For  these  reasons,  a  book 
should  not  be  laid  near  a  hot  stove  or  radiator. 

Wetting,  as  by  a  shower  or  being  left  in  a  damp  place, 
tends  to  soften  the  glue,  favors  the  growth  of  mildew, 

1  The  processes  described  in  this  brief  and  incomplete  way  apply  to 
the  original  binding  of  a  book.  The  rebinding  of  public  library  books 
often  differs  in  important  respects  from  the  original  process. 


The  Structure  and  Care  of  a  Book  3 

and  ruins  covers  and  paper.  If  a  book  is  wet  by  accident, 
it  should  be  put  in  a  dry  but  not  warm  place  until  it 
dries  out. 

Dirt,  dust,  and  grease  not  only  spoil  the  looks  of  a 
book  and  make  it  unpleasant  to  handle,  but  offer  a  home 
to  disease  germs.  For  this  reason,  a  book  should  not 
be  read  with  soiled  or  sweaty  hands,  nor  laid  upon  any 
but  a  clean  surface.  Neither  should  leaves  be  turned 
by  fingers  moistened  with  the  tongue.  For  sanitary 
reasons,  likewise,  one  should  not  cough  nor  sneeze  into 
a  book. 

3.  The  common  care  of  a  book.  —  In  reading,  a 
book  should  be  touched  or  handled  just  enough  to  support 
it  firmly  and  keep  it  open.  To  turn  a  leaf,  apply  the  dry 
forefinger  to  the  outer,  upper  corner.  No  marks  or 
notes  should  be  made  in  a  borrowed  book. 

When  not  in  use,  a  book  should  be  kept  closed  and 
out  of  harm's  way  on  bookshelf,  desk,  or  table.  For  a 
bookmark,  use  a  slip  of  paper;  anything  thicker  such 
as  a  pencil  or  a  handkerchief  strains  the  binding. 

Books  on  a  shelf  should  stand  loosely  enough  to  let 
any  one  be  easily  withdrawn,  and  closely  enough  to  hold 
each  other  upright.  A  good  rule  is,  always  to  leave 
space  for  one  more  volume. 

To  ease  a  new  or  a  stiff  book,  hold  it  with  the  back 
down  on  a  table,  letting  the  lids  lie  open  so  that  they 
also  touch  the  table.  Open  the  leaves  a  short  distance 
from  the  front  and  then  an  equal  distance  from  the  back, 
gently  pressing  them  down;  open  a  few  more  leaves  at 
the  front  and  again  at  the  back,  and  so  on  uatil  the 
middle  of  the  book  is  reached.  Do  this  several  times 
if  necessary.  Never  try  to  force  a  book  to  stay  open 
by  seizing  the  two  halves  tightly  and  bending  them 
backward;  such  handling  is  almost  certain  to  break 


4  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

the  back.     For  cutting  leaves,  use  a  paper  cutter  or  a 
knife,   never  the  finger. 

If  a  book  borrowed  from  a  library  becomes  damaged, 
do  not  try  to  mend  it.  To  mend  a  book  properly  usually 
takes  some  skill  and  sometimes  the  services  of  a  book- 
binder, hence  amateur  mending  is  likely  to  make  matters 
worse.  Call  the  attention  of  the  librarian  to  any  damage 
when  the  book  is  returned  and  let  the  library  take  care 
of  it. 


Chapter  II 

The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book 

4.  The  printed  parts  of  a  book.  — The  principal 
parts  of  an  ordinary  book  in  the  order  in  which  they 
usually  come  are  as  follows:   (1)  title-page,  (2)  copyright 
date,  (3)  preface,  (4)  table  of  contents,  (5)  list  of  illus- 
trations, maps,  etc.,  (6)  introduction,  (7)  the  body  of  the 
book,  (8)  appendix,  (9)  index.1     Anyone  or  all  of  these 
excepting  (1)  and  (7)  may  be  wanting  in  a  given  book; 
for  instance,  novels  seldom  have  (8)  or  (9). 

5.  The  pages  preceding  the  body  or  text  of  a  book 
are  customarily  numbered  with  Roman  numerals  (i,  ii, 
iii,  iv,  etc.),  but  beginning  with  the  first  page  of  the  text, 
the  pages  are  numbered  with  Arabic  numerals  (1,  2,  3, 
etc.). 

6.  The  title-page.  —  The  title-page  generally  con- 
tains (1)  the  title,  (2)  the  author's  name,  (3)  the  edition, 
if  different  from  previous  ones,  (4)  the  place  of  publica- 
tion, (5)  the  publisher's  name,  (6)  the  date  of  publication.2 

7.  The  TITLE  of  a  book  usually  gives  some  notion 
of  the  subject  treated.     It  also  often  indicates  the  view- 
point or  scope  of  a  work ;  for  instance,  Guerber's  ' 'Myths 

1  Other  parts  often  met  with  at  the  beginning  of  a  book  are:    Half 
title  (preceding  the  title-page),  publisher's  announcement,  frontispiece, 
dedication,  and  sketch  of  the  author.    At  the  end  of  a  book  are  sometimes 
found  a  "bibliography"  or  list  of  works  written  by  the  author,  or  of  au- 
thorities consulted  by  him;    "glossary"  or  explanatory  list  of  unusual 
words;  and  notes. 

2  Other  facts  often  found  on  title-pages  are  the  names  of  editors, 
translators,  compilers,  and  illustrators,  kind  and  number  of  illustrations, 
number  of  volumes  if  a  work  is  in  more  than  one  volume,  and  the  name 
of  the  series  if  the  book  belongs  to  one. 


6  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

of  Greece  and  Rome  Narrated  with  Special  Reference  to 
Literature  and  Art",  Rhodes 's  "History  of  the  United 
States  from  the  Compromise  of 1850  to  the  Final  Restoration 
of  Home  Rule  at  the  South  in  187 f\  It  frequently  gives 
a  clue  to  the  treatment,  or  to  the  class  of  readers  for 
whom  the  book  is  written;  for  example,  Botsford's 
"History  of  Rome  for  High  Schools  and  Academies". 
An  introductory  phrase  such  as  Elements  of,  Introduction 
to,  or  Principles  of,  is  likely  to  indicate  a  text-book; 
Story  of,  Romance  of,  a  more  or  less  popular  treatment; 
and  How  to,  practical  directions  in  non-technical  style. 
In  the  case  of  novels  and  works  of  the  imagination  in 
general,  the  title  is  much  less  likely  to  be  useful  as  a 
guide  to  the  reader. 

8.  The  AUTHOR'S  NAME  is  particularly  important 
because  the  value  of  what  is  said  so  often  depends  on 
who  says  it.  It  is  often  followed  by  the  names  of  other 
books  which  the  author  has  written  or  of  learned  socie- 
ties, institutions,  etc.,  to  which  he  belongs,  degrees 
received  from  universities,  etc.  These  facts  help  to 
fix  the  standing  of  a  writer.  Thus,  if  a  man  has  written 
several  books  on  the  same  subject  or  on  kindred  subjects, 
and  belongs  to  a  society  which  admits  only  workers  who 
are  interested  in  that  subject,  his  words  are  likely  to 
carry  weight.  If  he  is  writing  on  something  outside 
his  field,  his  work  is  less  likely  to  be  valuable.  If  he 
has  written  on  many,  widely  different  subjects,  and 
nothing  else  is  said  of  him,  he  is  likely  to  be  simply  a 
professional  writer  without  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
any  one  of  them.3 

3  In  critical  study,  for  instance,  in  debate  work,  the  student  often 
needs  to  know  more  of  an  author  than  appears  on  a  title-page.  Thus 
he  will  wish  to  know  rather  fully  whether  the  author's  experience  fits 
him  to  deal  with  a  subject,  and  whether  the  author's  point  of  view  is 
peculiar  in  any  way  so  that  it  must  be  allowed  for.  For  detailed  infor- 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  7 

9.  "REVISED    EDITION",    "ENLARGED    EDITION", 
"SECOND  EDITION",4  or   some   similar   phrase   on    the 
title-page  usually  means  that  a  book  has  been  corrected, 
rewritten  or  otherwise  changed. 

10.  The  PLACE  OF  PUBLICATION  tells  whether  a  book 
is  published  in  the  United  States  or  abroad,  and  thus 
often    betrays    the    nationality    of    the    author.     This 
information  becomes   important  when   the   nationality 
of  the  author  might  affect  the  value  of  the  contents  of 
the  book;  for  instance,  an  English  book  on  locomotives 
is  likely  to  be  of  little  use  in  this  country,  because  English 
locomotives  differ  from  American.     It  should  be  noted 
that  many  English  books  are  imported  and  sold  over 
the    names    of   American    publishers   without    showing 
on  their  title-pages  their  foreign  origin.5 

11.  PUBLISHER'S  NAME.     A  publisher  like  any  other 
business  man  gains  a  reputation  for  the  quality  of  his 
work.     The  name  of  a  good  publisher  on  a  title-page 
means,  therefore,  that  a  book  is  likely  to  have  real  value, 
and  that  there  will  be  few  or  no  printer's  mistakes.     If 
a  book  is  a  new  issue  of  a  standard  work,  it  means  that 
the  text  is  probably  free  from  unwarranted  omissions 
and  changes.     Thus,  the  name  of  a  good  publisher  on 
the  title-page  of  Paradise  Lost  would  mean  that  pains 
were  taken  to  make  the  text  as  Milton  wrote  it,  excepting 
such   changes    in    spelling    and    punctuation    as    were 
needed  to  fit  it  for  modern  readers.     As  even  the  best 

mation  on  these  and  other  points,  the  reader  must  consult  articles  about  the 
author  in  reference  books,  in  magazines,  etc.    See  §  §  73, 106, 107, 163, 164. 

4  The  word  "edition"  as  found  on  title-pages  is  somewhat  loosely  used. 
Preferably  it  applies  to  the  whole  number  of  copies  of  a  work  printed 
without  essential  changes  from  the  same  types  or  plates.     If  an  edition  is 
printed  in  installments  at  different  times,  one  of  these  installments  is  an 
"impression".   Some  publishers  apply  the  term  "edition"  to  an  impression. 

5  When  other  signs  are  wanting,  one  can  often  tell  an  English  publica- 
tion by  turning  to  the  last  page.     Books  printed  in  Great  Britain  are  apt 
to  have  at  the  end  the  name  of  the  printer  and  the  place  of  printing. 


8  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

publishers,  however,  sometimes  issue  inferior  work,  the 
publisher's  name  by  itself  does  not  guarantee  a  book. 
It  must  always  be  weighed  in  connection  with  other 
items  such  as  the  author's  name,  the  date,  etc.6 

12.  The  DATE  on  the  title-page  tells  when  that  copy 
of  the  book  was  printed. 

13.  Copyright  date.  —  Copyright  is  the  exclusive 
right  secured  by  law  to  an  author  or  an  artist  to  publish 
and  dispose  of  a  work  for  a  limited  time.     In  the  United 
States  under  the  law  of  March  4,   1909,  copyright   is 
obtained  by  depositing  with   the  Library  of  Congress 
two  copies  of  the  best  edition  of  a  work,  with  an  applica- 
tion for  registration  and  a  fee  of  one  dollar.     The  term 
of  copyright  is  for  twenty-eight  years,  with  the  right 
of  renewal   under  certain   conditions   for   twenty-eight 
years   longer.     The   date   of   the   copyright    is    usually 
printed  on  the  back  of  the  title-page,  and  is  followed 
by  the  name  of   the   owner   of    the   copyright.7     This 
is  important  when  the  passage   of   time    would    affect 
the  value  of  a  book's  contents;    for  instance,  a  book 
on  wireless  telegraphy,  if  it  were  copyrighted  in  1906  and 
not  revised,   would   not   give   the   latest  developments 
of  the  subject,   no  matter  what  the  date  on  the  title- 
page  might  be.      When  a  book  is  revised  it  usually  is 
re-copyrighted. 

14.  Preface.  —  The     preface     usually     gives     the 
author's  reasons  for  writing,  the  scope  of  the  book,  the 
class  of  readers  for  whom  the  book  is  intended,   etc. 

15.  Table  of  contents.  —  The  table  of  contents 
is  a  list  of  chapters  and  other  parts  in  the  order  in  which 
they  come,  with  the  numbers  of 'the  pages  on  which  they 

6  For  a  discussion  of  the  use  of  the  publisher's  name  in  bock  buying 
and  a  list  of  leading  publishers,  see  §§212-214. 

7  A  book  printed  and  published  in  Great  Britain  customarily  bears  no 
notice  or  date  of  copyright. 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  9 

are  found.     It  is  useful  as  a  summary  from  which  to 
gain  an  idea  of  a  book  without  reading  it  through. 

16.  List  of  illustrations.  —  Lists  of  illustrations, 
maps,  etc.,  show  how  fully  a  book  is  illustrated,  and,  as 
most  book  indexes  ignore  illustrations,  are  often  neces- 
sary guides  in  finding  a  certain  picture.      They  usually 
follow  the  order  in  which  pictures  occur. 

17.  Introduction.  —  The  introduction  prepares  the 
reader  for  what  the  author  has  to  say.     It  may  stand 
by  itself  like  the  preface,  or  be  an  opening  chapter. 

18.  The  introduction  is  less  common  than  the  preface, 
with  which  it  should  not  be  confused.     To  the  latter 
belongs  the  author's   "apology  for  his  book";    to  the 
former,  the  statement  or  summary  of  facts  which  must  be 
known  before  the  book  can  be  understood  or  appreciated. 
This  distinction,  however,  is  not  always  observed.   Either 
may  be  by  another  hand  than  that  of  the  author. 

19.  The    body    of    the    book.  —  The    main    part 
or  body  of  a  book  consists  of  the  text  or  main  reading 
matter  together  with  any  illustrations,  footnotes,  etc. 

20.  Footnotes  are  side  remarks  which  would  interrupt 
the  thought  if  printed  with  the  text,  and  are  therefore 
put  at  the  foot  of  the  page  by  themselves.     They  may 
be  the  names  of  authorities  for  statements  made  on  the 
page  above,  references  to  other  books  or  to  other  pages 
in  the  same  book,  quotations,  editor's  comments,  etc. 
Attention  is  called  to  footnotes  by  conventional  signs  such 
as  the  asterisk  (*),  dagger  (f),  etc.,  or  superior  letters 
(a,b)  or  figures  (l,  2).     At  the  ends  of  chapters,  especially 
in  text-books,  are  sometimes  given    lists  of  references 
and  suggested  readings  as  guides  to  further  study. 

21.  Appendix.  —  Appendixes  contain  notes  too  long 
for  footnotes,  tables  of  figures,  or  other  matter  for  which 
there  is  no  convenient  place  in  the  body  of  the  book. 


10          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

22.  Index.  —  The  index  is  an  alphabetical  list  of 
all  the  things  described,  explained,  or  alluded  to  in  a  book, 
with  the  numbers  of  the  pages  on  which  they  are  men- 
tioned. It  may  include  the  names  of  topics,  persons, 
places,  events,  and  cross  references.8  It  is  the  key  to 
the  book,  and  should  always  be  used  first  in  looking' up 
a  single  point  or  fact. 

It  is  entirely  different  from  the  table  of  contents.  It 
is  placed  at  the  end  of  the  book,  whereas  the  table  of 
contents  is  usually  put  at  the  beginning.  It  is  arranged 
alphabetically,  whereas  the  table  of  contents  follows 
the  order  in  which  the  subjects  are  taken  up  in  the  book. 
It  is  detailed;  the  table  of  contents  is  general. 

Extract  from  the  index  to  Channing's  Student  History 
of  the  United  States: 

Merrimac  (Virginia),  506. 

Mexican  War,  421-423. 

Miles,  General,  566. 

Missouri,  in  Civil  War,  486,  487;  abolition  of  slavery  in.  516. 

Missouri  Compromise,  360-363,  400. 

Monitor  and  Merrimac,  506,  507. 

Monmouth,  battle  of,  192,  193. 

Note  in  a  couple  of  entries  in  the  example  above,  the 
use  of  a  dash  between  page  numbers.  The  dash  stands  for 
the  word  "to,"  and  the  numbers  refer  to  the  pages  where 
the  passage  begins  and  ends.  Page  numbers  so  written 
are  called  "inclusive"  page  numbers. 

Extract  from  the  index  to  Matthews 's  Introduction 
to  American  Literature,  showing  the  use  of  heavy  type 
to  indicate  the  most  important  passage: 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  17,  95,  109,  124.  148,  155,  156,  168, 

170-183,  202,  206,  208,  211,  218,  223,  224,  229,  230. 
"Home  Ballads",  147. 

s  For  explanation  of  cross  references,  see  §  27. 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  11 

Sometimes  a  book  will  have  more  than  one  index; 
for  instance,  Guerber's  Myths  of  Greece  and  Rome  has 
besides  its  regular  index  an  index  to  the  poetical  quota- 
tions occurring  in  it. 

23.  A  book  of  poems  usually  has  an  index  of  first 
lines. 

Extract  from  the  index  of  first  lines  in  Holmes's 
Poetical  Works : 

Hang  out  our  banners  on  the  stately  tower!  277. 
Has  there  any  old  fellow  got  mixed  with  the  boys?  213. 
Have  I  deserved  your  kindness?    Nay,  my  friends,  395. 
Have  you  heard  of  the  wonderful  one-hoss  shay,  172. 

Indexes  of  titles  are  also  found,  especially  in  collections 
of  poems  by  different  authors;  collections  of  the  sort 
last  named  often  have  also  an  index  of  poets. 

24.  Indexes  of  sets.  —  The  index  to  a  set,  that  is, 
a  work  in  more  than  one  volume,  is  found  at  the  end 
of  the  last  volume.     Such  an  index  gives  the  volume 
number  for  a  reference  as  well  as  the  page  number. 

Extract  from  the  index  to  Fiske's  Old  Virginia  and 
Her  Neighbors: 

Slavery,  alleged  beneficence  of,  i.  16;  different  types  in 
Virginia  and  South  Carolina,  ii.  327;  prohibited  in 
Georgia,  ii.  335;  introduced  there,  ii.  336. 

Slave  hunters,  Spanish,  i.  149. 

Slaves'  collars,  ii.  200. 

Slaves,  price  of,  ii.  194,  201. 

25.  Rules  for  using   an   index.  —  Look   for  the 
name  of  what  is  wanted  in  its  alphabetical  place.     When 
there  are  references  to  a  number  of  different  pages  for 
a  single  subject,   read   carefully  any  descriptive  notes 
to  make  sure  of  getting  the  right  one.     If  there  are  no 
notes,  but  simply  a  list  of  page  numbers,  see  if  longer 
references     are     indicated    by    dashes     between     page 


12  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

numbers  or  otherwise.     The  longest  reference  is  probably 
the  most  important. 

If  an  index  presents  difficulties,  turn  to  the  beginning 
of  it  to  see  if  there  are  special  directions  for  using  it. 

26.  Judging   a   book   without   reading   it.  —  It 

import  an  i  to  be  able  to  tell  quickly  whether  or 
not  a  book  is  trustworthy  or  fitted  to  one's  needs.  The 
different  items  on  the  title-page,  the  copyright  date, 
preface,  introduction,  table  of  contents,  etc.,  are  all 
igns  which  help  the  observant  reader  in  forming  a 
judgment.  No  one  of  these  items  by  itself  is  final,  but 
all  taken  together  often  help  the  reader  to  make  a  fairly 
se  guess  at  the  real  worth  of  a  book.  The  fitness  of 
a  book  to  one's  needs  can  further  be  tested  by  consulting 
the  index  for  particular  topics  and  reading  the  text  in 
two  or  three  places. 

The  practical  usefulness  of  the  habit  of  estimating 
ks  in  this  way  appears  when  a  choice  must  be  made 
among  several  books  on  a  subject  but  when  there  is  no 
time  to  make  a  study  of  each. 

27.  Cross    references.  —  We  *  sometimes    find    in 
an  index,  in  footnotes,  in  the  text  itself  of  a  book,  in 
Him:  ,  log-ues  and  elsewhere,  some  phrase  such  as 

f<  >llowed  by  the  name  of  a  topic,  the  num- 
•   or  of  a  chapter,  the  title  of  a  book,  etc. 
Kxamples  from  an  index: 

Office,  under  Confederation,  100. 

Posts,  frontier,  retained  by  British,  116,    -v  vindaries. 

River,  improvement  of,  -'27. 
ive, 

These  and  like  words  and  phrases  which  tell  the  reader  to 
seek  informal  ion  elsewhere,  are  called  "cross  reference-' 

28.  Occasionally   an  abbreviation   is  used,   such  as 
v.  (Latin,  vide  =  see),  or  cf.  (Latin,  confer  =  compare). 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  13 

A  list  of  abbreviations  used  in  making  cross  references 
is  found  in  section  32. 

Sometimes  the  phrase  or  abbreviation  is  left  out,  thus, 
OLD  TESTAMENT,  BIBLE,  instead  of  OLD  TESTAMENT, 
see  BIBLE. 

29.  Cross  references  are  made  when  another  passage 
or  article  will  throw  light  on  the  subject  being  discussed; 
and  such  often  use  the  phrase  See  also,  as  NEWSPAPERS, 
see  also  .PRINTING.     Cross  references  are  also  made  when 
there  are  two  names  for  the  same  thing,  as  JOVE,  see 
JUPITER;    or  two  ways  of  spelling  the  same  name,  as 
SHAKSPERE,  see  SHAKESPEARE;    or  when  two  subjects 
are  so  closely  related  as  to  be  more  conveniently  dis- 
cussed under  one  heading,  as  VENTILATION,  see  HEATING 
AND  VENTILATION;    or  when  one  subject  is  included  in 
another,  as  SCOTLAND,  see  GREAT  BRITAIN.     In  these 
cases,  to  save  space,  all  the  information  is  put  under  one 
heading,  and  a  cross  reference  is  made  from  the  other. 

30.  Abbreviations.  —  There   are   certain   technical 
terms  relating  to  books  which  are  often  abbreviated  by 
authors,  publishers,  or  libraries,  when  it  is  wished  briefly 
to  describe  or  refer  to  a  book  or  make  a  cross  reference. 
Some  common  abbreviations  of  this  sort  are  explained 
in  the  lists  in  this  and  following  chapters. 

The  same  abbreviation  often  stands  for  different 
words;  for  example,  "v."  =  "verse",  'Volume",  or 
"vide".  Hence,  in  deciding  what  an  abbreviation 
means,  one  must  look  for  that  meaning  which  makes 
the  best  sense. 

31.  Explanatory    abbreviations.  —  There    are    a 
few   abbreviations   which    may    be    called    explanatory 
abbreviations  because  they  are  followed  by  a  phrase 
or  a  sentence  which  explains  or  adds  to  a  statement  just 
made;     for  example: 


14          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

"I  made  a  large  tent,  which,  to  preserve  me  from  the  rains, 
that  in  one  part  of  the  year  are  very  violent  there,  I  made 
double,  viz.,  one  smaller  tent  within,  and  one  larger  tent 
above  it."  —  Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 

e.g.,  ex.  gr.      =  exempli  gratia*;  for  example. 

i.e.  =id  est;  that  is. 

sc.,  scil.  =  scilicet;  namely,  that  is  to  say. 

viz.  =  videlicet;  namely,  to  wit,  that  is  to  say. 

32.  Abbreviations  of  reference.  —  One  often  meets 
in  footnotes,  indexes  and  elsewhere,  abbreviations  which 
refer  the  reader  to  some  other  paragraph,  page,  chapter, 
book,  etc.,  for  further  information. 

ad  fin.  =  ad  finem;  at  the  end. 

bk.  =  book. 

c.  =  chapter. 

can.  =  canto. 

cap.  =  caput;  chapter. 

cf.  =  confer;  compare. 

ch.,  chap.  =  chapter. 

comp.,  cp.  =  compare. 

et  seq.  =  et  sequens,  et  sequentia;    and  the  following 

(paragraph,  page,  etc.)     Plural:  et  seqq.  = 

et  sequentes. 

ff.  =  following, 

ib.,  ibid.  =  ibidem;  the  same, 

id.  =  idem;  the  same, 

inf.  =  infra;  below, 

i.  q.  =  idem  quod;  the  same  as. 

1.  =  line. 

L,  lib.  =  liber;  book. 

1.  c.,  loc.  cit.  =  loco  citato;  in  the  place  cited;   in  the  passage 

last  referred  to. 

n.  =  note, 

p.  =  page,  pages.     Plural:  pp. 

par.  =  paragraph, 

pt.  =  part, 

q.  v.  =  quod  vide;  which  see. 

8  Words  in  this  and  in  the  following  lists  printed  in  italics,  are  Latin. 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  15 

sc.  =  scene  (of  play). 

sec.  =  section. 

st.  =  stanza. 

sup.  =  supra;  above. 

s.  v.  =  sub  voce,  sub  verbo;  under  the  word  or  title. 

u.  s.  —  ut  supra;  as  above. 

v.  =  vide;  see. 

v.  =  volume,  verse. 

vol.  =  volume. 

33.  Sometimes  a  reference  to  chapter,  page,  verse > 
etc.,  is  made  without  any  abbreviation,  but  with  numerals 
only ;  thus : 

Gen.  xi.  17  =  Genesis,  chapter  xi,  verse  17. 

Hamlet  iv.  3.  3.  =  Hamlet,  Act  IV,  scene  3,  line  3. 

Morse.    Abraham  Lincoln  II.  ii  =  Morse.    Abraham  Lincoln, 

volume  II,  chapter  ii. 
Morse.    Abraham  Lincoln  II.  34  =  Morse.    Abraham  Lincoln, 

volume  II,  page  34. 

Note  that  the  parts  of  a  book  referred  to  are  given  in 
the  order  of  their  size,  the  largest  being  put  first,  i.e. 
chapter,  verse;  act,  scene,  line,  etc. 

Signs  which  are  sometimes  used  instead  of  abbrevia- 
tions are  fl  for  paragraph,  and  §  for  section. 

34.  Miscellaneous  abbreviations. 

anon.  =  anonymous;  author  unknown. 

auth.  =  author. 

Bibl.  =  biblical. 

biog.  =  biography,  biographical. 

bul.  =  bulletin. 

eye.,  cyclo.  =  cyclopedia. 

diet.  =  dictionary. 

ency.,  encyc.         =  encyclopedia. 

hist.  =  history,  historical. 

j.,  jour.  =  journal. 

lit.  =  literature,  literary,  literally. 

mag.  =  magazine. 

MS.  =  manuscript.     Plural:  MSS. 


16          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

X.  B.  =  nota  bene;  mark  well,  take  notice, 

pro.,  proc.  =  proceedings. 

pseud.  =  pseudonym, a  nameassumed  by  an  author, 

rep.,  rept.,  rpt.  =  report. 

rev.  =  review. 

Shak.,  Shaks.  =  Shakespeare. 

trans.  =  transactions;     translated,    translation, 
translator. 

34a.  Making  a  note  of  a  book.  —  If  in  reading  or 
study  a  book  is  likely  to  be  needed  again,  do  not  trust 
to  the  memory  to  recall  it  later,  but  make  a  clear,  exact 
note  of  it  while  it  is  at  hand. 

In  making  such  a  note,  put  down  at  least  the  name 
of  the  author,  including  initials,  and  the  title,  or,  if  the 
title  is  very  long,  enough  of  it  to  be  easily  recognized. 
These  facts  should  always  be  taken  from  the  title-page, 
for  as  found  on  cover  or  back  they  are  likely  to  be 
incomplete  or  inexact.  If  the  book  is  a  library  book, 
add  the  call  number  (see  section  35). 


Chapter  III 

The  Arrangement  of  Books  in  Libraries 

35.  Call  numbers. — To  keep  it  in  its  place,  and 
to  distinguish  it  from  every  other  book  in  the  library, 
each  book  has  a  number  printed  on  the  back,  known  as 
the  "call  number".     Exception:  In  many  libraries  fiction 
has  no  call  number. 

This  call  number  usually  consists  of  two  parts.  The 
first  part  stands  more  or  less  exactly  for  the  subject 
of  the  book,  and  is  called  the  "class  number".  The 
second  part  generally  stands  for  the  author's  name, 
and  is  called  the  "author  number".  Example: 

512         Fine.     College  Algebra. 
F49 

In  this  case  512  signifies  the  subject,  "Algebra",  and 
F49  stands  for  the  name,  "Fine".  Note  that  the 
author  number  (F49)  contains  the  initial  of  the  author's 
name.  Different  copies  of  the  same  book  will  generally 
have  the  same  call  number. 

36.  Classification. — The  class  number  of  a  book 
is   assigned    according   to   a   regular   system   which   in 
the  United  States  is  oftenest  the  system  known  as  the 
Dewey  Decimal  Classification.1  This  classification  divides 

i  An  important  system  of  classification,  less  widely  used  than  the 
Dewey,  is  the  Cutter  Expansive  Classification,  which  employs  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet  instead  of  decimal  figures. 


18          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

all  knowledge  into   ten  parts,  and  gives  each   part   a 
number  as  follows : 

000  GENERAL  WORKS2  600  USEFUL  ARTS 

100  PHILOSOPHY  700  FINE  ARTS 

200  RELIGION  800  LITERATURE 

300  SOCIOLOGY  900  HISTORY,  including  GEOGRA- 

400  PHILOLOGY  PHY,  TRAVEL  and  BIOGRA- 

500  NATURAL  SCIENCE  PHY 

Each  of  these  parts  is  again  divided;    for  instance, 
Natural  Science  (500) : 

510  MATHEMATICS  560  PALEONTOLOGY 
520  ASTRONOMY  570  BIOLOGY 

530  PHYSICS  580  BOTANY 

540  CHEMISTRY  590  ZOOLOGY 

550  GEOLOGY 

37.  Each  of  these  smaller  parts  is  further  subdivided ; 
for  instance,  Mathematics  (510) : 

511  ARITHMETIC  514  TRIGONOMETRY 

512  ALGEBRA  515  DESCRIPTIVE     GEOMETRY, 

513  GEOMETRY  etc.,  etc. 

The  subdivision  of  classes  is  frequently  carried   on 
still  further;    for  instance,  Arithmetic  (511): 

511.1  SYSTEMS  OF  ARITHMETIC         511.3  PRIME  NUMBERS 

511.2  NOTATION  AND  NUMERA-         511.4  FRACTIONS 

TION  etc.,  etc. 

38.  As  each  subject  has  a  definite  number,  it  is  clear 
that  if  the  numbers  are  applied  to  books,  all  books  on 
the  same  subject  must  stand   together;    for  instance, 
all  ordinary  algebras  will  have  512  for  a  class  number. 
And  it  also  is  clear  that  books  on  related  subjects  such 

Algebra  (512)  and  Geometry  (513),  will  usually  be 
found  near  each  other. 

2  Such  as  general  encyclopedias  and  other  works  which  cover  too  many 
tit  into  any  one  of  the  other  cla^ 


The  Arrangement  of  Books  in  Libraries 


19 


39.  Author  numbers.  —  The  author  number  dis- 
tinguishes a  book  from  every  other  book  having  the 
same  class  number.     In  most  libraries  it  combines  the 
initial  of  the  author's  surname  with  a  figure  in  such  a 
way    that    books    arranged    by   their    author   numbers 
stand  alphabetically  arranged  by  their  authors'  names,3 
as  in  the  second  example  below. 

40.  Arrangement  of  books  by  call  numbers.  — 
Books  are  arranged  on  the  shelves  from  left  to  right 
first  by  their  class  numbers;    and  then  books  with  the 
same  class  number  are  arranged  by  their  author  numbers. 

Example  of  books  arranged  by  class  numbers : 


HEILPRIN 


THE  EARTH  AND 
ITS  STORY 

551 

H41 


MARTIN 

STORY  OF  A  PIECE 
OF  COAL 

553.2 

M42 


DANA 

HOW  TO  KNOW  THE 
WILD  FLOWERS 

580 

D19 


Example  of  books  with  the  same  class  number  arranged 
by  author  numbers: 


KEELER 


OUR  NATIVE 
TREES 

582   . 
K15 


LOUNSBERRY 


GUIDE  TO  THE 
TREES 

582 
L93 


MAT HEWS 

FAMILIAR  TREES 

AND   THEIR 

LEAVES 

582 
M47 


41.  Exceptions.  —  For  the  sake  of  convenience,  a 
library  will  sometimes  make  exceptions  from  the  scheme 
of  classification  and  arrangement  outlined  in  this  chapter. 
For  instance,  works  of  fiction  in  most  public  libraries 
receive  no  class  number,  and  in  many  libraries  no  call 

3  This  form  of  author  number  is  known  by  librarians  as  a  "Cutter"' 
number,  from  the  name  of  its  inventor. 


20          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

number  of  any  kind.  In  the  first  case,  works  of  fiction 
may  receive  and  be  arranged  by  an  author  number  only. 
In  the  second  case,  they  are  directly  arranged  in  alpha- 
betical order  by  their  authors'  names ;  and  several  books 
by  the  same  author  are  arranged  alphabetically  by  their 
titles.  Individual  biography4  when  it  has  no  class 
number  may  receive  some  distinguishing  mark,  as  for 
instance  a  letter  "B",  and  in  addition  to  the  "B"  a  num- 
ber or  numbers  which  arrange  it  alphabetically  by  the 
name  of  the  person  who  is  its  subject.  Other  kinds  of 
books  which  may  have  special  treatment  are  plays, 
poetry,  and  essays. 

The  local  library  must  be  specially  studied  for  its 
peculiarities. 

42.  To  find  a  book.  —  Look  on  the  shelves,  for  the 
class  number,  and  under  this  for  the  author  number. 
These  numbers  should  be  read  as  decimals  and  not  as 
whole  numbers. 

When  a  book  has  no  call  number,  or  its  call  number 
is  unlike  those  described,  ask  the  librarian  to  explain. 

4  Biography  is  called  "individual"  when  a  whole  book  devotes  itself 
to  the  life  of  but  one  person,  for  instance,  Franklin's  Autobiography. 
It  is  so-called  to  distinguish  it  from  "collective"  biography,  which  is  the 
term  applied  to  a  book  which  contains  separate  accounts  of  the  lives  of 
more  persons  than  one,  for  instance,  Hinchman  and  Gummere's  Lives 
of  Great  English  Writers. 


Chapter  IV 

The  Card  Catalogue 

43.  Just  as  a  book  will  have  a  table  of  contents  and 
an  index,  so  a  library  has  two  lists  of  its  books,  known 
respectively  as  the  shelf  list  and  the  card  catalogue. 
These  lists  are  usually  typewritten  or  printed  on  cards 
about  three  inches  by  five  inches  in  size,  which  are  filed 
in  drawers  in  a  specially  constructed  case.     Each  drawer 
holds  several  hundred  cards. 

44.  The  shelf  list.  —  The  shelf  list  is  the  library's 
table  of  contents.     In  it,  each  title  in  the  library  is 
represented  by  a  single  card,  and  the  cards  are  arranged 
in  the  order  in  which  the  books  stand  on  the  shelves, 
just  as  the  table  of  contents  follows  the  order  of  the 
chapters  in  a  book.     Each  card  contains  the  name  of 
the  author,  the  title,  the  call  number,  and  the  ' 'accession 
number",  which  is  a  number  given  to  a  volume  in  the 
order  of  its  addition  to  the  library. 

45.  The  card  catalogue. — The  card  catalogue  is 
the  index  of  the  library,  and  for  the  ordinary  reader 
is  more  important  and  useful  than  the  shelf  list.     In  it, 
each  book  is  represented  by  two  or  more  cards  as  fol- 
lows: 

1.  An  AUTHOR  CARD,  having  as  heading1  the  name  of 
the  author. 

2.  A  TITLE  CARD,  having  as  heading  the  title  of  the 
book. 

1  A  heading  is  the  word,  phrase,  or  name  at  the  top  of  a  catalogue  card, 
by  which  the  card  is  filed. 


22          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

3.  A  SUBJECT  CARD,  having  as  heading  the  name  of 
the  subject  of  which  the  book  treats.  The  headings  for 
subject  cards  in  most  libraries  are  in  red.2  Examples: 


291        Gayley,   Charles  Mills 

G25  Classic  myths  in  English  literature, 

based  chiefly  on  Bulf inch's  "Age  of 

fable."    Ed.   2.     c!895. 


291     Classic  myths  in  English  literature, 
G25   Gayley,  C.  M. 


291     Mythology  -  Classical 
G25   Gayley,  C.  M. 

Classic  myths  in  English  literature, 

based  chiefly  on  Bulf inch's  "Age  of 

fable."  Ed.  2.  c!895. 


O 


The  number  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner  is  the 
book's  call  number. 

Note  that  less  information  is  given  on  the  title  card 
than  on  author  or  subject  card. 

Abbreviations  are  explained  in  section  61. 

46.  An  author  card  is  made  for  every  book  for  which 
it  is  possible;  a  title  card,  when  the  title  is  likely  to  be 

2  Words  which  would  be  in  red  on  a  real  card  are  underlined  in  the 
examples  given  in  this  chapter. 


The  Card  Catalogue  23 

remembered  or  when  there  is  no  author;  and  one  or 
more  subject  cards,  when  the  subject  of  the  book  is  at 
all  important.  Hence,  the  catalogue  tells  what  books 
a  library  has  by  a  certain  author,  whether  it  has  a  book 
by  a  certain  title,  and  what  books  it  has  on  a  particular 
subject. 

47.  In  addition  to  author,  title,  and  subject  cards, 
catalogue  cards  are  made  with  the  names  of  EDITORS, 
TRANSLATORS,  and  COMPILERS  as  headings,  and  when  a 
book  belongs  to  a  series,  for  instance,  Lodge's  " Alexander 
Hamilton"  in  the  American  Statesmen  series,  a  card  is 
made  with  the  name  of  the  SERIES  3  as  heading. 

48.  Card   for  part  of  a  book.  —  Libraries   often 
catalogue  a  part  of  a  book.     Example : 


670       . 

R58   Rocheleau,  W.  F. 

Manufactures.  c!900.  p.  138-155. 


O 


Note  that  the  pages  of  the  part  referred  to  are  given. 
49.     A  card  may  be  made  for  part  of  a  book  when 
the  book  contains  works  by  different  authors,  different 

3  A  "series"  in  this  sense  is  a  number  of  books  published  in  the  same 
style,  each  of  which  is  complete  in  itself,  but  all  of  which  have  some 
common  point  of  interest.  For  instance,  all  the  books  in  the  American 
Statesmen  series  are  devoted  to  the  lives  of  American  political  leaders, 
such  as  Webster,  Clay,  Calhoun,  etc. 


24  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

works  by  the  same  author,  or  different  subjects   each 
of  which  is  treated  separately. 

50.  Cross  references  and  guide  cards.  —  Cards 
containing  cross  references 4  are  inserted  to  put  the 
user  of  the  catalogue  on  the  right  track,  or  to  point  the 
way  to  further  information.  Examples: 


Shakspere,   see 
Shakespeare 


Amusements,   see  also 


51.  Guide  cards  are  plain  cards  with  "guide  words" 
printed  on  projecting  labels.     They  are  filed  at  short 
distances   among  the   other  cards  and   help   to   find   a 
heading  quickly. 

52.  Arrangement.  —  Cards  of  all  kinds  are  filed 
together  alphabetically  by  their  headings.     That  part 
of  the  alphabet  which   is  contained   in  any  drawer  is 
shown  by  guide  words  or  guide  letters  on  the  front  of  the 
drawer.     These   guide   words   or,  letters   consist   of   the 
first  and  the  last  heading  found  within,  or  perhaps  the 
first  few  letters  of  those  headings,  thus:  ANCHOR-APPLE, 

:  an  explanation  of  cross  references,  see  §§27-29,  32. 


The  Card  Catalogue  25 

or  simply,  ANC-APP.  Drawers  follow  one  another 
alphabetically  in  the  order  of  their  guide  letters  or  words. 
53.  Details.  —  Author  cards  for  several  books  by 
the  same  author  are  arranged  under  the  author's  name 
alphabetically  by  their  titles,  disregarding  "the",  "an", 
or  ua"  if  it  is  the  first  word,  thus: 

Dickens,  Charles.     The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth. 
Dickens,  Charles.     Dombey  and  Son. 
Dickens,  Charles.     Oliver  Twist. 

Different  authors  with  the  same  surname  are  arranged 
alphabetically  by  their  initials  or  forenames. 

A  large  subject  is  often  split  up  and   arranged  thus: 

English  language. 
English  language  —  Dictionaries. 
English  language  —  Grammar. 
English  language  —  History. 

Subject  cards  which  relate  to  the  different  periods 
of  the  history  of  a  country  are  arranged  under  the  general 
subject  in  order  of  time  instead  of  alphabetically: 

United  States  —  History  —  Colonial  period. 
United  States  —  History  —  Revolution. 
United  States  —  History  —  Confederation. 

The  same  word  used  as  heading  may  stand  for  differ- 
ent things,  e.g.,  a  person,  a  place,  a  subject  other  than 
a  person  or  a  place,  or  the  first  word  of  a  title.  In  such 
cases,  a  common  arrangement  is  as  follows: 

1.  Person  as  author,  e.g.  Clay,  Henry,  His  speeches. 

2.  Person  as  subject,  '    Clay,  Henry,  Lives  of  him. 

3.  Place  as  author,  "'    Clay  County,  Iowa,   Its  official  reports. 

4.  Place  as  subject,  "    Clay  County,  Iowa,   Books  about  it. 

5.  Subject  not  (2)  nor  (4),  "    Clay  (A  kind  of  earth) 

6.  Titles  of  books,  <:<    Clay  modelling  and  painting  book. 

Abbreviations  in  titles,  names,  etc.,  are  regarded  as  if 
spelled  in  full,  e.g.,  M'  and  Me  as  Mac,  Dr.  as  Doctor,  etc. 


2()          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

54.     Subject  cards  which  relate  to  biography,  criticism, 
or  bibliography  are  distinguished  in  different  ways  in 
different  libraries.     The  word   ' 'biography",   etc.,   may 
be  included  as  part  of  the  heading,  thus: 
Clemens,  S.  L. — Biography. 

Many    libraries    use   a   phrase    like    'Tor   biography 
of  ...  see",  "For  criticism  of  ...  see",  etc.,  thus: 


For  biography  of 

923     Washington,  George,  1st  president  of 
W271    the  United  States,  see 

Lodge,  H.  C. 
George  Washington.  2v.  1899 ,  c '  89-98 . 

(American  statesmen) 


O 


In  many  libraries,  differently  colored  cards  are  used 
for  this  purpose,  for  instance,  subject  cards  for  biography 
will  be  green  or  have  green  edges. 

55.  Library  of  Congress  catalogue  cards.  —  The 
Library  of  Congress  prints  its  catalogue  cards  instead 
of  typewriting  them,  and  offers  duplicate  copies  for  sale ' 
to  other  libraries.  Many  libraries  use  these  cards  in 
their  catalogues  wherever  possible.  The  following 
example  is  a  copy  of  such  a  card.  Note  the  fullness 
of  the  information;  on  some  cards  even  fuller  details 
are  given,  including  an  outline  of  the  table  of  contents, 
etc. 


The  Card  Catalogue  27 


Thoreau,  Henry  David,  1817-1862. 

Walden,   by  Henry  D.  Thoreau  ...  illustrated  by  Clifton 
Johnson.     New  York,  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  co.  [1910] 

xvi,  440  p.     front.,  plates.     2114™     $2.00 

Title  vignette:  author's  port. 


10-16739 
Library  of  Congress 

c  Aug.  5, 1910;  2c.  Aug.  11,  igiOjCJ     A  268876;    Thomas  V.  Crowell 
&  co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Explanation.  —  1817-1862  =  dates  of  author's  birth  and  death; 
xvi  =  pages  numbered  with  Roman  numerals;  440  p.  =  pages 
numbered  with  Arabic  numerals;  front.  =  frontispiece;  21 J^  cm.  = 
height  in  centimeters;  $2.00  =  price;  port.  =  portrait;  10-16739  = 
serial  number  of  catalogue  card. 

The  two  lines  at  the  bottom  have  to  do  with  the  copyright  and 
translated  read:  Copyrighted  August  5,  1910;  2  copies  received  on 
August  11,  1910;  copyright  number  is  A268876;  copyrighted  by 
Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

56.  Using   the   card   catalogue.  —  Look   for   the 
name  of  the  author,  the  title,5  or  the  subject  in  its  alpha- 
betical place.     In  doing  this,  use  the  guide  letters  or 
words  on  drawer  labels  and  guide  cards. 

57.  If  several  cards  relate  to  the  same  subject,  scan 
each  carefully  to  see  which  book  seems  best  fitted  for 
the  purpose  in  mind.     Notice  particularly  the  author's 
name,  the  title,   the  edition  and  the   copyright    date. 
The  length  of  a  reference  should  also  be  considered; 
for  a  five-minute  talk,  thirty  pages  will  be  better  than 
a   two-volume   treatise. 

*  If  "the",  "an",  or  "a"  is  the  first  word  of  a  title,  disregard  it. 


28          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

58.  When  the  book  is  chosen,  write  down  the  call 
number,  the  author's  name,  and  the  title  on  a  slip  as  a 
guide  in  finding  the  book  on  the  shelves,6  thus: 


537        Child 

C43  How  and  why  of  electricity. 


If  but  part  of  a  book  is  referred  to,  add  the  numbers 
of  the   pages  mentioned. 

59.  In  making  a  list,  use  a  separate  slip  or  card  for 
each   book   and   arrange   the   slips   alphabetically.     All 
slips  should  be  of  the  same  size.7     Give  authors'  initials. 

60.  The  danger  of  losing  slips  can  be  avoided  by  re- 
copying  the  list  on  a  sheet  of  paper  and  using  this  sheet 
list  for  finding  purposes.     Example: 


537-C43  Child.     How  and  why  of 

electricity. 

537.81-S63    Sloane.     Electric  toy  making. 
537-S76  Swoops.     Lessons  in  practical 

electricity. 


61.  Abbreviations.  —  The  following  abbreviations 
for  describing  books  are  found  in  library  catalogues : 8 

«  A  book  can  be  found  by  its  call  number  alone,  but  time  and  trouble 
are  usually  saved  if  the  author's  name  and  the  title  are  also  given. 

7  For  detailed  directions  for  making  a  working  bibliography,  see 
§§174-177.  For  a  short  list,  use  a  sheet  of  paper  or  the  note-book, 
writing  each  item  in  the  form  shown  in  §58, -adding  the  author's  initials 
his  name. 

s  For  abbreviations  relating  to  book  sizes  and  binding,  see  §§210.  211. 


The  Card  Catalogue 


29 


abr.  =  abridged;  abridgment. 

app.  =  appendix. 

bibl.  =  bibliography. 

c.  =  copyright. 

cm.  =  centimeters. 

col.  =  color,  colored;    e.g.,  il.  in  col.  =  illustrated 
in  color. 

comp.  =  compiler. 

cont.  =  contents,  containing;  continued. 

cop.  =  copyright;  copy. 

cor.  =  corrected,  (of  an  edition). 

diag.,  diagr.  =  diagram. 

ed.  =  edition,  editor,  edited. 

eng.  =  engraving. 

enl.  =  enlarged,  (of  an  edition). 

facsim.  =  facsimile. 

fig.  =  figure. 

front.  =  frontispiece,   the  illustration  facing  a  title- 
page. 

il.,  illus.  =  illustrated,  illustration. 

intr.,  introd.  =  introduction. 

1.  =  leaf,  leaves. 

n.  d.  =  no  date,  i.e.,  of  publication. 

n.  p.  =  no   place,  i.e.,  of  publication. 

p.  =  page,  pages;  part. 

phot.  =  photograph,  photographs^ 

pi.  =  plate,  an  illustration  printed  separately  from 
the  text  of  a  work.    Plural:  pis. 

pp.  =  pages. 

por.,  port.  =  portrait. 

pref.  =  preface. 

pt.  =  part. 

pub.  =  publisher. 

rev.  =  revised,  revision. 

ser.  =  series. 

sup.,  supp.  =  supplement. 

tab.  =  table,  tables. 

t.-p.  =  title-page. 

tr.  =  translation,  translated,  translator. 

v.,  vol.  =  volume. 


Chapter  V 

Reference  Books 

62.  What  a  reference  book  is.  —  A  reference  book 
is   any  book  which   is  used   for  looking    up    particular 
points  rather  than  for  reading  through.     By  a  *  'particular 
point"  is  meant  any  fact  which  can  be  stated  in  a  word, 
a  line,  a  paragraph,  or  an  article;  for  instance,  the  popula- 
tion of  Chicago,  a  batting  average,   the  name  of  the 
United   States   ambassador  to   Great   Britain,   a   short- 
account  of  the  life  of  Tennyson,  etc.     Any  work  may 
be  used  as  a  reference  book,  thus  a  novel  may  be  con- 
sulted to  verify  the  name  of  some  character  in  it;   but 
strictly  speaking,  the  term  applies  to  books  which  have 
a  great  deal  of  information  in  a  small  space  and  are 
specially  planned  for  finding  facts  quickly,  such  as  the 
dictionary    and    the    encyclopedia. 

In  libraries,  the  term  "reference  book"  is  made  to 
include  any  book  which  is  not  lent  for  home  use.  Hence, 
in  addition  to  books  like  those  described  above,  libraries 
are  likely  to  include  on  their  reference  shelves  files  of 
magazines,  magazine  indexes,  sets  of  public  documents, 
and  rare  or  very  expensive  books. 

63.  Study  and  use  of  reference  books.  —  Refer- 
ence books  differ  so  much  among  themselves  not  only 
in    their   contents   but  also  in  their  arrangement,  that 
each  one  must  be  studied  specially  to  be  used  easily 
and  quickly. 

In  making  the  acquaintance  of  a  reference  book,  read 
carefully  the  title-page,  taking  time  to  consider  the 


Reference  Books  31 

significance  of  the  different  items  given  on  it,  note  the 
copyright  date,  read  the  preface,  and  examine  the  table 
of  contents  if  there  is  one.  Note  the  arrangement  of 
the  contents  whether  it  is  alphabetical  or  otherwise  and 
whether  there  are  any  supplements,  appendixes,  or 
indexes.1 

64.  In  using  reference  books,  the  importance  of  date 
must  always  be  borne  in  mind. 

If  the  date  is  old,  it  may  be  necessary  to  get  recent 
facts  from  recent  sources.  Information  which  quickly 
goes  out  of  date  is  that  which  deals  with  statistics,  living 
persons,  technical  and  scientific  matters,  and  current 
history  in  general.  Much  geographical  information  is 
also  soon  out  of  date. 

In  looking  up  proper  names,  one  should  remember 
that  the  same  name  often  belongs  to  different  persons 
or  places ;  for  instance,  Erie  (a  lake,  or  a  city  of  Pennsyl- 
vania) ;  John  Brown  (an  American  Abolitionist,  or  the 
author  of  "Rab  and  His  Friends");  Cleveland  (a  city 
of  Ohio,  a  region  of  England,  or  an  ex-president  of  the 
United  States). 

65.  The  encyclopedia.2  —  Encyclopedias  are  works 
usually   in    many    volumes    which    contain    thousands 
of  articles  on  all  branches  of  knowledge.     Each  article 


1  In  the  more  critical  study  of  reference  books,  other  points  to  be  noted 
are  the  treatment,   whether  concise,   lengthy,   technical,   scholarly,   or 
popular;   aids  to  readers,  e.g.  bibliographies  and  cross  references;   quali- 
fications of  writers  and  editors;  and  whether  articles  are  signed.    Articles 
should  also  be  compared  with  articles  on  the  same  subject  in  other  refer- 
ence books. 

2  The  word   "encyclopedia",   spelled    also    "encyclopaedia",    "cyclo- 
pedia",  and    "cyclopaedia",  is  often  applied  to  a  comprehensive  work 
on  any  branch  of  knowledge,  especially  when  the  contents  are  alpha- 
betically arranged.     The  form  "cyclopedia"  in  particular  is  used  in  this 
way.    "Encyclopedia"  comes  from  two  Greek  words,  enkyklios  paideia  = 
a  "circular",   that  is  "complete",   education;    enkyklios  from  en  =  in, 
and  kyklos  =  a  circle;   paideia  from  pais  =  a  boy. 


32          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

has  as  heading  the  name  of  the  subject  of  which  it  treats; 
and  all  articles  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  so  that 
the  first  volume  begins  with  A,  and  the  last  volume  ends 
with  words  in  Z. 

On  the  back  of  each  volume  are  printed  a  pair  of  guide 
words  consisting  of  the  names,  or  the  first  few  letters 
of  the  names  of  the  first  and  of  the  last  article  in  that 
volume;  so  that  without  taking  a  volume  down,  one  * 
can  tell  whether  or  not  a  word  will  be  included  in  it. 
At  the  top  of  each  page  are  printed  the  first  and  the  last 
heading  appearing  below. 

66.  When  several  persons  and  places  have  the  same 
name,  the  names  of  places  are  kept  by  themselves  and 
the  names  of  persons  by  themselves.     Monarchs  of  the 
same  country  and  with  the  same  name  may  be  kept 
together  and  arranged  by  number,  for  instance :  Charles  I , 
Charles  II,  of  England;    Charles  I,  Charles  II,  etc.,  of 
Spain.     Ordinary  persons  with  the  same  surname  are 
usually  arranged  alphabetically  by  their  Christian  names, 
for    instance,    Brown,    Charles;     Brown,    John.     When 
the  full  names  of  different  persons  are  alike,  they  may 
be   distinguished    by   dates   of   birth    and   death.     For 
instance:       "Johnson,    Samuel,    1696-1772"    (an    early 
American  educator) ;    "Johnson,  Samuel,  1709-84'*  (the 
great  dictionary  maker). 

Long  articles  on  countries  are  usually  divided  into 
sections,  of  which  one  will  deal  with  the  geography, 
another  with  the  political  history,  etc. 

At  the  end  of  an  article  there  is  often  a  bibliography 
or  list  of  books  to  which  the  reader  is  referred  for  further 
information. 

67.  The  articles  in  the  encyclopedia  are  descriptive, 
explanatory,    statistical,    and    histbrical.      In    the   best 
encyclopedias   they   are   often   by   authorities   and   are 


Reference  Books  33 

usually  reliable  for  the  date  when  the  encyclopedia  was 
published.  There  are  often  useful  illustrations  and  maps. 

Encyclopedia  articles  on  the  other  hand  rarely  give 
practical  directions  for  doing  things;  they  are  some- 
times too  brief;  and  for  many  subjects  they  are  soon 
out  of  date. 

The  difference  between  the  encyclopedia  and  the 
dictionary  is  that  the  dictionary  deals  first  of  all  with 
words,  whereas  the  encyclopedia  deals  with  subjects. 
The  encyclopedia  is  useful  for  giving  a  compact  account 
which  is  longer  than  a  dictionary  definition,  but  shorter 
than  a  book. 

68.  Rules  for  using  the  encyclopedia.  —  (1)  Look 
at  the  guide  words  or  letters  on  the  backs  of  the  volumes 
to  find  the  volume  in  which  the  name  of  the  subject 
should  occur.     (2)  Look  for  the  subject  in   its   alpha- 
betical  place   in   the  volume   chosen,   using   the   guide 
words  at  the  tops  of  the  pages.      (3)  Follow  up   cross 
references. 

In  the  case  of  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  use  the 
index  volume,  if  a  subject  is  not  found  under  its  own 
heading. 

69.  Important  encyclopedias.3  — 
ENCYCLOPAEDIA  BRITANNICA. 

This  is  a  standard  work  of  reference.  The  arrange- 
ment is  under  general  heads  rather  than  by  specific  sub- 
jects, especially  in  the  older  editions;  for  instance,4  Lake 
Erie  is  described  under  "St.  Lawrence  River",  instead 

3  Besides  the  encyclopedias  named  above  there  may  also  be  noted 
Appleton's  New  Practical  Cyclopedia,  a  small  work  for  home  and  school 
use.  Older  works  sometimes  met  with  are  the  Universal  Cyclopaedia 
and  Atlas  (known  also  as  Johnson's  Cyclopedia),  the  American  Cyclo- 
paedia, and  Chambers's  Encyclopaedia,  the  last  an  English  work. 
These  must  be  used  with  some  caution,  as  for  many  subjects  they  are  out 
of  date. 

*  As  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  editions. 


34          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

of  "Erie  tLake)";  in  this  case  "St.  Lawrence  River"  is 
taken  as  the  name  of  the  general  system  of  lakes  and 
rivers  of  which  Lake  Erie  is  part.  Owing  to  this  arrange- 
ment, articles  frequently  become  lengthy  treatises,  and 
to  find  a  subject  in  the  Britannica  it  is  therefore  often 
necessary  to  use  the  index  which  forms  a  separate  volume. 
The  articles  are  by  authorities,  and  are  signed.  Biog-* 
raphies  of  persons  living  at  the  time  of  publication  are 
omitted  from  the  older  editions. 

70.  There  are  numerous  editions  of  the  Britannica, 
of  which  the  following  require  special  mention : 

The  ninth,  in  twenty-four  volumes  and  index,  issued 
between  1875  and  1889.  This  remains  a  useful  work  of 
reference,  although  many  of  the  articles  are  out  of  date. 

The  tenth,  which  consists  of  the  existing  volumes  of 
the  ninth  edition  with  eleven  new  volumes  added,  making 
thirty-five  volumes  in  all.  Volume  31  is  an  atlas. 
Volume  35  is  an  index  to  the  complete  work. 

71.  The  eleventh  edition  is  an  entirely  new  work  in 
twenty-eight  volumes  and  index,   brought  up  to  date 
(1910).     There  are  more  subjects  found  under  their  own 
names  than  in  the  old  editions;   for  instance,  Column  is 
found  under  the  heading  "Column",  instead  of  under 
the  general  term  "Architecture",  as  in  editions  nine  and 
ten.     The  maps  in  this  edition  accompany  the  articles 
which   they  illustrate  instead   of   being  collected   in   a 
separate  volume. 

72.  NEW  INTERNATIONAL  ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 

The  most  important  encyclopedia  published  in  the 
Tnited  States.  In  it,  a  subject  is  usually  found  directly 
under  its  own  name,  and  not  grouped  with  allied  subjects 
under  some  general  heading  as  is  often  the  case  in  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica.  Hence,  it  is  excellent  for 
quick  reference. 


Reference  Books  35 

The  alphabetical  order  is  letter  by  letter,  instead 
of  word  by  word ;  for  instance,  New  Jersey,  newspaper, 
New  York,  and  not  New  Jersey,  New  York,  newspaper. 

73.  The   New   International   Encyclopaedia    is    con- 
tinued   by    the    NEW    INTERNATIONAL    YEAR    BOOK. 
The  Year  Book  gives  a  summary  of  the  year's  events, 
and  includes  biographical  sketches.     It  is  arranged  and 
used  like  the  encyclopedia. 

74.  ENCYCLOPEDIA  AMERICANA. 

Covers  much  the  same  ground  as  the  New  Interna- 
tional although  the  two  often  supplement  each  other. 
The  Americana  is  often  stronger  on  scientific  subjects, 
but  more  likely  to  be  condensed  on  other  subjects. 

There  is  a  supplement  in  two  volumes. 

75.  CHAMPLIN.    YOUNG  FOLKS'  CYCLOPAEDIAS. 
These  are  a  set  of  books  with  the  following  titles : 

Young  Folks'  Cyclopaedia  of  Persons  -and  Places. 
Young  Folks*  Cyclopaedia  of  Natural  History. 
Young  Folks'  Cyclopaedia  of  Common  Things. 
Young  Folks'  Cyclopaedia  of  Games  and  Sports. 
Young  Folks'  Cyclopaedia  of  Literature  and  Art. 

As  the  titles  suggest,  the  information  is  simply  and 
briefly  told  for  the  beginner,  and  is  arranged  alphabetically. 

76.  The  dictionary.5 — A  dictionary  is  an  alpha- 
betical list  of  the  words  of  a  language  with 'their  etymol- 
ogies6   and     meanings.7       The     modern,     unabridged, 
one-volume  English  dictionary  includes  besides  ordinary 
words,  proper  names  of  all  kinds,  abbreviations,  words 
and  phrases  from  foreign  languages,  and  the  arbitrary 

5  The  following  remarks  apply  particularly  to  the  unabridged  Stand- 
ard and  Webster  dictionaries,  as  the  student  is  likely  to  use  them  most. 
In  the  list,  the  Century  also  is  added;    but  the  student  should  have 
little  trouble  with  it  if  he  understands  how  to  use  the  others. 

6  For  an  explanation  of  the  word  "etymology",  see  §  79. 

7  The  word  "dictionary"  is  often  applied  to  a  work  on  any  subject, 
the  contents  of  which  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order;    for  instance, 
Lippincott's  Pronouncing  Biographical  Dictionary. 


36          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

signs  used  in  printing  and  writing,  such  as  \/  in  mathe- 
matics, or  K  in  medicine. 

In  connection  with  an  ordinary  word  are  given  its 
spelling,  pronunciation,  part  of  speech,  etymology,  defi- 
nitions, and  often  common  phrases  into  which  it  enters, 
quotations  illustrating  its  use,  synonyms,  cross  references, 
and  pictures  or  diagrams.  For  examples,  see  sections 
216,  218,  220,  221,  223. 

77.  The  same  spelling  may  stand  for  several  words 
which  are  different  parts  of  speech  or  have  different 
origins;    for  instance: 

1.  desert',  noun  from  French  deservir  meaning  to  merit. 

2.  des'ert,  noun  from  Latin  deserere,  to  desert. 

3.  des'ert,  adjective  from  Latin  deserere. 

4.  desert',  verb  transitive  from  Latin  deserere. 

5.  desert',  verb  intransitive  from  Latin  deserere. 

Hence,  we  often  find  several  successive  entries  or 
paragraphs  with  apparently  the  same  WORD  REPEATED 
for  a  heading.  When  the  right  spelling  of  a  word  has 
been  found,  one  should  therefore  look  next  for  the  abbre- 
viation which  tells  the  part  of  speech. 

78.  Words  are  respelled  to  show  PRONUNCIATION.    A 
key  to  the  marks  of  pronunciation  is  printed  across  the 
bottom  or  top  of  each  pair  of  pages. 

79.  The   ETYMOLOGY8   gives   the  origin  of   a  word 
and   often   traces   its   history   and    family   relations   in 
English  and  other  languages.     It  is  set  off  from  defini- 
tions, etc.,  by  brackets  [  ],  for  example: 

medieval,  mediaeval  (rne-di-e'-val),  a.  and  n.  [  <  L.  medius, 
middle  +  <zvum,  age,  period ;  see  medium  and  age]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  the  middle  ages.  .  . 

The  sign  <  means  "is  derived  from". 

« The  word  "etymology"  comes  from  two  Greek  words,  etymon, 
the  true  literal  sense  of  a  word  according  to  its  origin,  and  logos,  a  dis- 
course or  description  . 


Reference  Books  37 

The  etymology  is  not  given  with  every  word  but  gen- 
erally with  root  words  only;  thus,  for  the  etymology  of 
fishy  one  must  look  under  fish. 

80.  A  word  usually  has  several  DEFINITIONS  includ- 
ing original,  dead,  old,  and  everyday  meanings.       Each 
definition  is  numbered  or  lettered  and  arranged  in  some 
regular  order,9  for  example,  see  the  word  oil  in  section  220. 

81.  Proper    names.  —  Among    the    proper    names 
included  in  the  dictionary  are  those  of  places,  of  persons, 
including  noteworthy  living  persons,   of  characters  in 
books,  and  of  mythological  personages. 

With  geographical  proper  names  are  given  location, 
population,  area,  political  relations,  and  other  brief 
facts.  Names  of  real  persons  have  nationality,  station  in 
life,  profession  or  occupation,  and  dates  of  birth  and 
death.  Names  of  imaginary  persons  and  characters  in 
literature  have  brief  descriptions. 

A  proper  name  may  be  included  in  the  body  of  the 
dictionary  or  included  in  a  special  list  of  names  in  an 
appendix. 

82.  Appendix. — The    appendix    of    a    dictionary 
contains  miscellaneous  useful  lists.     Just  what  will  be 
in  it  depends  on  the  particular  dictionary,  but  there  are 
often  found  in  appendixes  lists  of  proper  names,  abbre- 
viations, foreign  words  and  phrases,  and  signs  used  in 
printing  and  writing.     A  supplement  of  new  words  in- 
cluding old  words  used  in  new  senses  is  also  sometimes 
found  as  part  of,  or  in  addition  to,  the  appendix. 

For  extracts  from  the  appendixes  of  dictionaries,  see 
sections  219,  222. 

83.  Study  and  use  of  the  dictionary.  —  Because 
of  the  great  amount  and  variety  of  its  information,  its 

9  For  the  order  of  definitions  in  different  dictionaries  see  §  94, 
paragraph  DEFINITIONS. 


38          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

condensed  treatment,  and  its  appendix,  the  unabridged 
dictionary  needs  special  study. 

In  studying  the  dictionary,  (1)  read  carefully  the 
title-page,  preface,  and  table  of  contents.  (2)  Look 
over  any  explanatory  notes  or  lists  given  before  the 
main  part,  which  would  help  in  using  the  dictionary. 
(3)  In  the  main  part,  pick  out  single  words;  observe 
what  kinds  of  facts  are  given  for  each,  and  their  order. 
Examine  the  key  to  pronunciation.  (4)  Study  separately- 
each  list  in  the  appendix  as  suggested  in  (2)  and  (3)  for 
the  main  part. 

84.  In  using  the  dictionary,  (1)  look  for  a  word  in  the 
main  part,  making  use  of  the  guide  words  at  the  tops  of 
pages.     (2)  If  the  word  is  not  found  there,  consult  the 
table  of  contents  to  see  if  there  is  any  special  list  which 
might  contain  it.     (3)  Look  up  abbreviations  and  signs 
relating   to  parts   of  speech,   etymologies,   etc.,   in   the 
lists  and  explanatory  notes  just  before  the  main  part 
and  before  each  division  of  the  appendix. 

85.  Some  important  dictionaries.  - 
CENTURY  DICTIONARY  (1911).     12  volumes. 

Volumes  1-10.     Dictionary. 

Volume  11.     Cyclopedia  of  Names. 

Volume  12.     Atlas. 

In  the  Century  dictionary,  the  definitions  often  ap- 
proach encyclopedia  articles  in  their  length  and  fullness. 
The  etymologies  are  also  very  full.  Some  abbreviations 
and  foreign  phrases  are  included.  A  key  to  pronuncia- 
tion is  found  at  the  beginning  of  each  volume. 

See  specimen  extract,  section  216. 

86.  THE  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  NAMES  considers   proper 
names  of  all  kinds.     It  includes  names  found  in  geog- 
raphy,  biography,   mythology,  history,  ethnology,  art, 
archaeology,  and  literature.      It  is  fullest  in  geography 


Reference  Books  39 

and  biography,  and  includes  persons  living  at  the  date 
of  publication,  (1911).     It  omits  minor  geographic  names 
such  as  those  of  counties  in  the  United  States,  which 
must  be  sought  in  the  Century  Atlas. 
See  specimen  extract,  section  217. 

87.  THE  CENTURY  ATLAS  10  contains  modern  maps 
and  a  small  section  of  historical  maps.     On  the  maps  are 
given  steamship  routes  and  cable  lines,  routes  of  dis- 
coverers and  explorers,  and  dates  for  battlefields.     Two 
indexes  are  provided,  one  for  the  modern,  and  one  for 
the  historical  maps.11 

The  Atlas  has  been  revised  to  1911. 

88.  In  the  1911  edition  of  the  Century  Dictionary, 
each  volume  except  the  Atlas  contains  a  main  part  and 
a  supplement.     One  must  often  therefore  look  for  infor- 
mation in  two  places  in  the  same  volume.     A  star  (*) 
before  an  item  in  the  main  part  means  that  additional 
information  is  found  in  the  supplement. 

89.  An  earlier  edition  of  this   dictionary   is  in  ten 
volumes.      This  was  enlarged  in  1910  by  a  supplement 
in  two  volumes  which  brought  the  information  in  the 
body  of  the  dictionary  and  the  Cyclopedia  of  Names 
down  to  that  date.     Users  of  this  particular  set  must 
often  therefore  consult  two  different  volumes  in  looking 
up  a  word. 

90.  STANDARD     DICTIONARY    OF    THE     ENGLISH 

LANGUAGE. 

Contents:  —  Introductory:  Key  to  abbreviations  used 
in  the  dictionary,  key  to  pronunciation,  etc.  Standard 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language:  Antonyms  are  a 
special  feature.  Addenda:  New  words.  Plates:  Coins, 

1°  Earlier  editions  are  practically  the  same  as  volume  34  of  the  tenth 
edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 

n  For  the  way  to  use  an  atlas  index,  see  §§  114,  115. 


40  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

decorations  of  honor,  flags,  gems,  national  coats  of  arms, 
seals  of  the  United  States,  ship  signals,  solar  spectrum, 
etc.  Appendix:  Proper  names  of  all  kinds,  foreign 
words  and  phrases,  disputed  spellings  and  pronuncia- 
tions, abbreviations,  arbitrary  signs  and  symbols,  poeti- 
cal meanings  of  flowers  and  gems,  formation  of  the  plurals 
of  nouns,  pronunciation  of  Bible  proper  names,  etc. 

See  the  specimen  extracts,  sections  221,  222. 

91.     NEW  STANDARD  DICTIONARY.12 

Principal  contents: — Before  the  main  part:  Intro- 
ductory; spelling  and  pronunciation  (chiefly  a  discussion 
of  the  ''scientific  alphabet") ;  methods  of  compounding 
words;  key  to  abbreviations  used  in  the  dictionary;  key 
to  pronunciation ;  special  explanatory  notes. 

Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 

Appendix:  Disputed  pronunciations,  rules  for  the 
simplification  of  spelling,  glossary  of  foreign  words, 
phrases,  etc.,  statistics  of  the  population  of  the  world.13 
The  foreign  phrases  are  those  in  less  common  use,  every- 
day expressions  being  found  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary ; 
the  statistics  are  for  places  in  the  United  States  of  over 
one  thousand  inhabitants,  and  for  the  more  important 
places  of  other  countries. 

Pronunciation  is  given  in  two  ways.  Each  word  is 
respelled  for  pronouncing,  first,  in  the  "revised  scientific 
alphabet",  and  again  according  to  an  accepted  older 
system.  The  key  to  each  method  is  given  at  the  top  of 
each  pair  of  pages. 

See  the  specimen  extract  223. 

12  This  is  a  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  the  Standard  Dictionary. 
It  differs  from  the  older  work  by  including  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary 
all  proper  names  and  abbreviations  formerly  in  special  lists  in  the  appen- 
dix. Hence,  there  is  usually  but  one  place' in  which  to  seek  a  word. 

is  A  "History  of  the  World  Told  Day  by  Day"  is  also  sometimes 
found  as  part  of  the  appendix.  It  gives  under  each  day  of  the  year  the 
most  important  historical  events  which  have  happened  on  that  date. 


Reference  Books  41 

92.  WEBSTER'S  INTERNATIONAL  DICTIONARY. 

Contents:  —  Colored  plates  preceding-title  page:  Flags, 
seals,  and  coats  of  arms  of  the  principal  nations;  yacht, 
signal,  and  pilot  flags,  etc.  Introductory:  Guide  to  pro- 
nunciation, words  spelled  in  two  or  more  ways,  abbre- 
viations used  in  the  dictionary,  etc.  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language.  Appendix:  Metric  system,  names  of 
fictitious  persons  and  places,  gazetteer,  biographical 
dictionary,  pronunciation  of  Scripture  and  of  Greek 
and  Latin  proper  names,  English  Christian  names, 
quotations  from  foreign  languages,  abbreviations,  arbi- 
trary signs  used  in  writing  and  printing,  pictorial  illus- 
trations. Supplement  of  New  Words. 

See  the  specimen  extracts  218,  219. 

93.  WEBSTER'S  NEW  INTERNATIONAL  DICTIONARY.14 
Principal  contents: — Before  the  main  part:    Colored 

plates  of  flags,  coats  of  arms,  state  seals,  etc.;  preface; 
brief  history  of  the  English  language,  guide  to  pronuncia- 
tion, orthography  (rules  for  spelling  certain  classes  of 
words),  abbreviations  used  in  the  dictionary,  explanatory 
notes.  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language.  Appendix: 
Gazetteer,  biographical  dictionary,  arbitrary  signs  used  in 
writing  and  printing,  classified  selection  of  illustrations. 

Each  page  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary  is  divided 
horizontally  by  a  heavy  black  line.  Above  this  line 
are  printed  words  in  general  use;  below  it  are  printed 
unusual  words,  foreign  phrases,  abbreviations,  many 
proper  names,  etc.  Hence,  in  using  this  dictionary, 
look  first  in  the  main  part  above  the  line,  next  below 
the  line,  and  then  consult  the  table  of  contents. 

See  the  specimen  extract,  section  220. 

"  This  is  an  enlarged  revision  of  Webster's  International  Dictionary. 
It  differs  in  its  arrangement  from  the  older  work  by  dividing  each  page 
as  explained  hereafter,  and  by  including  in  the  main  part  much  informa- 
tion formerly  in  the  appendix. 


42          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

94.  Comparison  of  the  dictionaries.  —  The  short 
extracts  which  are  given  in  the  appendix  of  this  Manual 
do  not  do  justice  to  any  of  the  dictionaries  represented. 
The  following  points  of  comparison,  though  not  all 
illustrated  by  the  selections,  should,  however,  be  noted. 

The  system  for  showing  PRONUNCIATION  differs  in 
different  dictionaries. 

The  ETYMOLOGIES  are  fullest  in  the  Century  and 
briefest  in  the  Standard  and  New  Standard.  The  latter 
place  their  etymologies  after  instead  of  before  the  defini- 
tions, and  render  Greek  roots  by  English  instead  of  by 
Greek  letters. 

The  DEFINITIONS  in  the  Century  are  often  much 
fuller  than  those  in  the  other  dictionaries  mentioned, 
and  sometimes  equal  short  encyclopedia  articles.  The 
Standard  and  New  Standard  differ  from  the  Century  and 
the  Webster  dictionaries  in  the  arrangement  of  defini- 
tions. In  the  latter  works  the  literal  or  original  meaning 
comes  first,  and  then  the  derived  and  figurative  meanings ; 
for  instance,  in  the  New  International  the  word  "knave" 
from  Anglo-Saxon  cnafa  =  a  boy : 

1.  A  man  child;  a  boy.     Obs. 

2.  A  boy  servant,  hence,  a  male  servant  or  menial;  a  man  of 

humble  birth  or  position.    Archaic. 

3.  A  rogue. 

4.  A  playing  card  marked  with  the  figure  of  a  servant  or 

soldier;  a  jack. 

In  the  Standard  and  New  Standard,  the  common 
meaning  is  given  first;  thus  for  the  word  *  'knave": 

1.  A  rogue. 

2.  A  playing  card  on  which  is  pictured  a  servant  or  soldier. 

Called  also  jack. 

3.  A  familiar  friend. 

4.  A  boy,  especially  a  boy  servant;  also  a  male  servant. 


Reference  Books  43 

Note  in  the  case  of  this  particular  word  that  each 
of  the  dictionaries  quoted  contains  a  meaning  which  is 
not  found  in  the  other. 

The  Standard  and  New  Standard  give  ANTONYMS  as 
well  as  synonyms  and  include  lists  of  TECHNICAL  TERMS 
connected  with  various  arts;  for  instance,  in  connection 
with  the  word  "baseball". 

For  PROPER  NAMES,  the  fullest  treatment  is  given 
in  the  Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names. 

For  ABBREVIATIONS  and  for  FOREIGN  WORDS  AND 
PHRASES,  the  Webster  or  the  Standard  dictionaries  are 
better  than  the  Century. 

The  APPENDIX  in  both  the  New  Standard  and  Web- 
ster's New  International  is  smaller  than  in  earlier  edi- 
tions of  these  works  because  much  material  formerly 
contained  in  it  has  been  transferred  to  the  main  part  of 
the  dictionary. 

95.  Special  reference  books.  —  As  all  branches  of 
knowledge  as  a  whole  are  covered  by  the  general  encyclo- 
pedias, so  a  special  subject  is  frequently  covered  by 
a  reference  wprk  devoted,   to  it  alone;    for  instance, 
biography  is  covered  by  Lippincott's  Pronouncing  Bio- 
graphical Dictionary.     The  articles  in  such  works  are 
often  fuller  and  more  detailed  than  in  the  general  encyclo- 
pedias, and  sometimes  cover  topics  which  the  latter  do 
not.     The  following  list  names  some  useful  reference 
books  likely  to  be  found  in  public  and  well  equipped 
high  school  libraries.    To  become  acquainted  with  others, 
consult  the  books  on  the  reference  shelves  of  the  school 
library  or  of  the  public  library. 

96.  Sociology. —  Recent  information  on  social  move- 
ments must  be  sought  in  current  periodicals. 


44          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

BLISS.    NEW  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  SOCIAL  REFORM. 

Contains  articles  on  reforms,  reformers,  economics, 
sociology,  municipal  questions,  labor,  education,  and 
statistics  relating  to  these  subjects. 

Gives  arguments  by  authorities  on  each  side  of  the 
questions  discussed;  hence,  it  is  particularly  useful  to 
debaters. 

97.  Statistics.  —  General  current  statistics  are  also 
found  in  the  New  International  Year  Book. 

STATESMAN'S  YEAR-BOOK. 

This  is  an  English  publication  brought  up  to  date 
every  year.  Contains  statistical  and  descriptive  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  all  the  countries  of  the  world,  such 
as  area,  population,  religion,  education,  justice  and  crime, 
pauperism,  finance,  national  defence,  production  and 
industry,  commerce,  shipping  and  navigation,  internal 
communication,  money  and  credit,  weights  and  measures, 
diplomatic  representatives,  charity,  reigning  monarchs. 

The  contents  are  arranged  with  the  British  Empire 
first,  and  other  countries  following  alphabetically.  At 
the  end  of  each  country  are  mentioned  statistical  and 
other  books  of  reference  concerning  it.  Index. 

This  has  a  high  reputation  for  accuracy  and  is  the  most 
important  of  the  year-books. 

98.  WORLD  ALMANAC. 

Published  every  year.  Very  useful  for  all  sorts  of 
recent  statistics  and  information  in  brief.  Covers  astro- 
nomical facts  for  the  year  such  as  moons,  tides,  eclipses, 
etc.;  weights  and  measures;  agricultural  statistics; 
Constitution  of  the  United  States;  government  of  the 
United  States;  naturalization  laws;  legislation;  events 
of  the  preceding  year ;  politics;  societies  with  the  names 


Reference  Books  45 

and  addresses  of  their  officers;  sporting  records;  col- 
leges and  universities,  their  presidents,  athletics,  fra- 
ternities, etc.;  religious  denominations;  naval  statistics 
of  the  world;  foreign  governments;  population;  U.  S. 
army;  election  returns;  New  York  City.15  The  index 
is  in  front. 

99.  U.  S.  COMMERCE  DEPARTMENT.    STATISTICAL 

ABSTRACT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
This  is  published  each  year,  and  is  the  most  useful 
summary  of  statistics  relating  to  the  United  States. 
Contains  figures  relating  to  area;  natural  resources; 
population;  agriculture;  forestry;  fisheries;  manufac- 
turing; mining;  occupations;  labor;  wages;  transpor- 
tation; shipping;  commerce;  prices;  money;  banking; 
finance;  insurance;  army  and  navy;  and  monetary, 
commercial  and  financial  statistics  of  the  world. 

100.  U.  S.  CENSUS  BUREAU.    THIRTEENTH  CENSUS 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  .  .    ABSTRACT. 

Contains  in  condensed  form  the  principal  statistics  of 
the  1910  census  on  population  (except  occupation  statis- 
tics), agriculture,  manufactures,  and  mining.  It  gives 
figures  for  the  United  States  as  a  whole  and  for  the  differ- 
ent states  separately,  together  with  statistics  relating 
to  population  and  manufactures  for  the  principal  cities. 

The  index  is  divided  into  four  parts:  Population, 
Agriculture,  Manufactures,  Mining. 

A  special  edition  with  a  supplement  of  local  statistics 
is  published  for  each  state,  the  District  of  Columbia, 
Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico.  The  supplement  is  not 
indexed ;  to  consult  it  one  must  use  the  general  table  of 
contents. 

15  The  subjects  covered  vary  somewhat  from  year  to  year.  Those 
mentioned  are  found  in  the  volume  for  1916. 


46          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

101.  Government.  —  Recent    information    relating 
to  governments  and  politics  is  found  in  the  New  Inter- 
national Year  Book,  the  Statesman's  Year-Book,  and 
the  World  Almanac. 

MCLAUGHLIN  AND  HART.    CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN 
GOVERNMENT.     3  volumes. 

Comprehensive  work  on  the  theory  and  principles, 
history,  organization,  and  functions  of  government  in 
the  United  States,  with  articles  on  the  land  and  the  peo- 
ple, including  biographical  sketches  of  persons  who  have 
contributed  to  government.  Covers  topics 'relating  to 
such  subjects  as  public  and  international  law;  party 
organizations;  international  relations ;  federal,  state,  and 
municipal  government;  public  finance;  labor  regula- 
tions; and  social  and  industrial  welfare. 

102.  U.  S.  CONGRESS.      OFFICIAL  CONGRESSIONAL 

DIRECTORY. 

A  new  issue  is  published  at  the  beginning  of  each 
session  of  Congress.  Contains  names,  addresses,  and 
records  of  congressmen ;  names  and  addresses  of  govern- 
ment officials,  U.  S.  consuls,  foreign  consuls"in  the  United 
States,  membership  of  congressional  committees;  official 
duties  of  officers  of  the  executive  departments. 

103.  Archaeology.  - 

HARPER'S  DICTIONARY  OF  CLASSICAL  LITERATURE  AND 
ANTIQUITIES. 

Includes  Greek  and  Roman  antiquities,  biography, 
geography,  history,  literature,  mythology,  with  biblio- 
graphic references,  illustrations,  and  maps.  Subjects  are 
entered  under  their  Latin  or  Greek  names  with  cross 
references  from  the  corresponding  English  names.  But 


Reference  Books  47 

when  the  Greek  or  Latin  name  resembles  the  English 
one,  as  gladiator -es  (gladiators),  Athena  (Athens),  the 
English  name  is  not  given. 

104.  Biography.  - 

LIPPINCOTT'S  BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 

It  aims  at  bringing  the  record  of  noted  persons  down 
to  the  end  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  and  covers  his- 
toric persons,  biblical  and  mythological  characters,  with 
the  pronunciation  of  names.  The  best  general  bio- 
graphical reference  book. 

105.  DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY;  INDEX 

AND  EPITOME. 

Contains  very  short  biographical  outlines  of  English- 
men no  longer  living.  It  is  condensed  from  the  great 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography  in  66  volumes  (and 
Supplement)  by  Stephen  and  Lee,  for  which  it  serves  as 
index. 

A  similar  Index  and  Epitome  is  also  published  for  the 
second  supplement  of  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biog- 
raphy. 

106.  WHO'S  WHO. 

Published  every  year.  Gives  briefly  facts  of  general 
interest  about  prominent  living  persons  chiefly  English 
and  American,  but  especially  English.  Tells  for  each 
individual  the  facts  of  date  and  place  of  birth,  where 
educated,  official  positions  held,  marriage,  books  written, 
club  memberships,  favorite  amusements,  present  address, 
etc. 

107.  WHO'S  WHO  IN  AMERICA. 

Published  every  two  years.  Contains  condensed 
sketches  of  prominent  living  Americans  and  of  persons 


48          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

connected  with  American  affairs.  The  information  given 
is  of  the  sort  found  in  Who's  Who.  Beginning  with  the 
volume  for  1908-09,  there  is  a  geographic  index,  which 
groups  all  the  names  in  the  book  by  states,  cities,  and 
post-office  addresses.  This  makes  it  easy  to  find  what 
persons  are  prominent  in  a  given  place. 

108.  Geography.  - 

LIPPINCOTT'S  NEW  GAZETTEER. 

Geographical  dictionary  of  the  world  containing  in- 
formation respecting  countries,  cities,  towns,  resorts, 
islands,  rivers,  mountains,  seas,  lakes,  etc. .  Alphabet- 
ically arranged,  with  pronunciation  and  various  spellings 
of  names. 

The  most  comprehensive  American  work  of  its  kind. 

109.  MILL.    INTERNATIONAL  GEOGRAPHY. 
Describes  the  continents  and  countries  of  the  world, 

including  their  geology,  natural  features,  climates, 
animals,  vegetation,  natural  resources,  brief  histories, 
peoples,  forms  of  government,  industries,  foreign  trade, 
principal  cities,  and  statistics,  with  an  introduction  on 
the  principles  of  geography.  Index. 

110.  Atlases.  - 

There  is  not  at  present  (1916)  in  print  any  perfectly 
satisfactory  general  atlas  for  American  students.  The 
Century  Atlas  published  as  part  of  the  Century  Dic- 
tionary is  probably  the  most  satisfactory  for  general  use.16 

111.  RAND,  MCNALLY  &  Co.      LIBRARY  ATLAS  OF 

THE  WORLD. 17     2  volumes. 
Volume  I.     United  States. 
Volume  II.     Foreign  countries.' 

"See  §87. 

17  An  earlier  edition  is  called  Indexed  Atlas  of  the  World. 


Reference  Books  49 

A  general  atlas  with  maps  on  a  larger  scale  than  the 
Century. 

The  volume  for  the  United  States  has  many  large 
scale  maps  of  cities.  In  this  volume,  each  map  is  accom- 
panied by  a  separate  index,  and  each  index  is  divided 
into  several  separate  lists.  Thus,  the  index  to  the  map 
of  Ohio  is  divided  into  lists  of  counties,  creeks,  islands, 
rivers,  towns,  etc. 

The  volume  on  foreign  countries  has  a  general  index 
of  its  own. 

The  names  of  countries,  cities,  towns,  etc.,  are  accom- 
panied in  the  indexes  by  figures  of  population. 

112.  STIELER'S  ATLAS  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHY. 

An  excellent  general  atlas  adapted  from  the  German 
for  the  English-speaking  public.  A  little  less  than  one- 
half  the  atlas  is  devoted  to  Europe.  The  land  is  shown 
in  relief,  heights  and  depths  being  given  in  meters. 
On  the  large  scale  maps,  the  spelling  of  place-names 
adopted  is  that  of  the  country,  for  instance,  names  in 
the  United  States  appear  in  their  English  form,  names 
in  France  in  French,  etc.  On  the  small  scale  maps  the 
forms  of  names  are  German.  Explanations  of  signs, 
abbreviations,  etc.,  are  given  on  the  back  of  each  map 
in  English  as  well  as  in  French,  Italian,  and  Spanish. 

There  is  a  very  full  alphabetical  index,  which  is  some- 
times difficult  to  use,  as  German  forms  of  names  are 
employed  when  they  exist,  for  instance,  France  is  indexed 
as  Frankreich. 

113.  For  history  study,  an  excellent  atlas  is  Shep- 
herd's  Historical   Atlas.     Two   useful   small   historical 
atlases  are  Bartholomew^  Literary  and  Historical  Atlas 
of   Europe,   and   his   Literary  and   Historical  Atlas  of 
America.    Besides  maps  of  historic  periods  each  of  these 


92'    R 


J)        90° 


69'    C*  H         QQ*      I  J          87' 


88s     1  O        67' 


Reference  Books  51 

contains  plans  of  notable  battles,  maps  of  districts  con- 
nected with  famous  authors  and  books,  and  a  short  gazet- 
teer of  places  of  historic  interest. 

114.  The  index  of  an  atlas.  —  At  the  margins  of 
maps  are  found  figures  which  mark  latitude  and  longi- 
tude.    Between  these  figures  there  are  found  in  many 
atlases  other  figures  and  letters  as  in  the  illustration 
on  the  opposite  page.      An  entry  in  the  index  of  the 
atlas  will  read,  " Chicago,  111.  47;    1-2 ",  which  means 
that   Chicago,  111.,  will  be  found   on  page  or  map  47, 
near  the  place  where  the    imaginary    lines    I  —  I    and 
2  —  2  cross  each  other. 

115.  If  the  index  of  an  atlas  is  poor  or  absent,  it  is 
sometimes  quickest  to  locate  first  the  country  or  state 
in  which  a  town  belongs,  by  using  a  gazetteer,  the  dic- 
tionary, or  the  encyclopedia.     Next,  consult  the  atlas's 
table  of  contents  to  find  the  map  of  the  state  or  country. 
Locate  the  town  on  the  map  by  the  latitude  and  longi- 
tude   or    other    description    of    location    given    in    the 
gazetteer. 

116.  Useful  Arts.  - 

BAILEY.     CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN  AGRICULTURE. 
4  volumes. 

Volume  I.      Farms.    Volume  III.     Animals. 
Volume  II.     Crops.     Volume  IV.     Farms  and  com- 
munity. 

To  use  this  work,  one  must  decide  in  which  volume 
the  answer  to  his  question  is  likely  to  be  found,  and  then 
consult  the  index  of  that  volume.  For  instance, ' 'Horses" 
must  be  looked  for  in  the  index  of  volume  III  on  "Ani- 
mals". 


52          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

117.  BAILEY.    STANDARD  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  HORTI- 

CULTURE.18     6  volumes. 

Considers  the  kinds,  characteristics,  and  methods  of 
cultivation  of  plants  grown  in  the  United  States  and 
( \mada  for  ornament,  fancy,  fruit,  or  vegetables,  includ- 
ing important  tropical  plants.  Alphabetically  arranged. 

118.  FREEMAN  AND  CHANDLER.      WORLD'S  COM- 

MERCIAL PRODUCTS. 

An  English  work  descriptive  of  the  economic  plants 
of  the  world,  their  cultivation,  preparation  for  market, 
and  commercial  uses.  Handsomely  illustrated.  Index 
is  not  thorough. 

119.  WARD.    GROCER'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA.19 
Descriptive  information  on  food  products  and  other 

articles  found  in  grocery  stores.  Written  for  grocers 
and  general  storekeepers,  but  useful  to  students  of 
domestic  science  and  commercial  geography. 

120.  Literature.  - 

BARTLETT.     FAMILIAR  QUOTATIONS. 

A  collection  of  passages,  phrases,  and  proverbs  in 
prose  and  poetry  traced  to  their  sources  in  ancient  and 
modern  literature.  The  quotations  are  grouped  under 
authors,  and  authors  are  arranged  by  date  of  birth. 

It  has  at  the  front  an  index  of  authors  quoted,  and 
at  the  back  an  index  of  important  w^ords.20  To  use  it, 
look  in  the  word  index  for  some  important  or  striking 
word  in  the  quotation  in  mind;  or  for  an  appropriate 

"  An  earlier  work  in  four  volumes  on  which  this  is  based,  has  the  title 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Horticulture. 

19  Published  also  under  the  title,  Encyclopedia  of  Foods  and  Beverages. 

20  An  index  of  this  kind  which  brings  out  the  words  of  a  book  as  dis- 
tinguished from  subjects  is  called  a  concordance.     Concordances  are  made 

-  such  as  Shakespeare  and  the  Bible. 


Reference  Books  53 

quotation  for  some  subject,  look  in  the  same  index  for 
suggestive   words.21 

Extracts  from  the  word  index,  indexing  the  quotation, 
"Uneasy  lies  the  head  that  wears  a  crown": 
Crown,  better  than  his,  64. 
emperor  without  his,  307. 
fruitless  upon  my  head,  121. 
head  that  wears  a,  89. 


Head,  beauteous  honors  on  its,  337. 
coals  of  fire  on  his,  828. 
crown  of  his,  51. 
fame  over  his  living,  565. 
fruitless,  crown  upon  my,  121. 
gently  lay  my,  218. 
silvered  o'er  by  time,  419. 
Uneasy  lies  the,  89. 
what  seemed  his,  228. 

121.     HOYT.     CYCLOPEDIA  OF   PRACTICAL  QUOTA- 
TIONS. 

Quotations    are    arranged    alphabetically    according 
to  subject,  hence  it  is  very  useful  in  looking  up  quotations 
for  special  subjects  or 'occasions.     Quotations  from  the 
Latin  and  from  modern  foreign  languages  follow  those 
in  English.     There  is  an  index  to  quotations  in  English, 
one  for  Latin  and  foreign,  and  a  list  of  authors  quoted. 
Extract  from  the  English  index: 
Crown — abdicated  his  crown      la. 
and  an  immortal  crown   674  a. 
emperor  without  his  c.     354  u. 
head  that  wears  a  c.  *       535  g. 
lover  or  crown  to  thee      241  h. 

The  letter  in  italics  following  the  page  number  indicates 
the  place  on  the  page  where  the  quotation  is  found; 
and  the  asterisk  (*)  means  that  the  author  is  Shakespeare. 

21  For  the  latter  purpose,  Hoyt's  Cyclopedia  of  Practical  Quotations 
is  easier  to  use.  See  §  121. 


54          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

122.  BREWER.      DICTIONARY     OF     PHRASE    AND 

FABLE. 

This  is  useful  in  explaining  allusions  met  with  in 
reading.  Contains:  Unusual  abbreviations,  names  and 
anecdotes  of  persons,  mythological  characters,  char- 
acters in  fiction,  curious  phrases,  pseudonyms,  outlines 
of  plots  and  stories,  proverbs  explained,  sobriquets* 
legends,  and  an  appendix22  with  a  list  of  English  authors 
and  their  works. 

123.  BREWER.     READER'S  HANDBOOK. 
Allusions,    references,    plots,    and   stories.     Useful    in 

much  the  same  way  as  the  Dictionary  of  'Phrase  and 
Fable. 

124.  CHAMBERS'S  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  ENGLISH  LITER- 

ATURE.    3  volumes. 

Contains  sketches  and  criticisms  of  British  and  Ameri- 
can authors  with  short  characteristic  selections  from 
their  works.  Authors  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  their 
date.  Index  in  the  third  volume. 

125.  MOULTON.    LIBRARY  OF  LITERARY  CRITICISM 

OF  ENGLISH  AND  AMERICAN  AUTHORS.  8 
volumes. 

Criticisms  from  the  writings  of  eminent  critics  on  the 
works  of  authors  from  the  beginnings  of  English  litera- 
ture to  1904. 

Authors  are  considered  in  the  order  of  their  dates. 
The  information  for  any  particular  author  is  generally 
arranged  thus:  (1)  biographical  outline;  (2)  personal; 
(3)  criticism  of  specific  works;  (4)  general  criticism. 

Under  any  specific  heading  such  as  "Snow-bound", 
the  extracts  quoted  are  arranged. in  the  order  of  their 
writing. 

22  Not  in  earlier  editions. 


Reference  Books  55 

Volume  8  has  a  general  index  to  the  authors  criticized, 
and  a  general  index  to  criticisms  under  the  names  of  the 
critics. 

126.  STEDMAN  &  HUTCHINSON.   LIBRARY  OF  AMER- 

ICAN LITERATURE.     11  volumes. 

Characteristic  examples  of  American  literature  from 
its  beginnings  down  to  1889. 

Authors  are  arranged  in  order  of  their  dates.  Volume 
11  includes,  short  sketches  of  authors,  a  list  of  noted  say- 
ings of  Americans,  and  a  general  index. 

In  the  index,  topics  are  often  grouped  under  general 
heads;  thus,  for  the  poem  "The  Raven",  one  must  look 
under  the  heading  Poetry.  Some  other  general  headings 
are  Biography,  Criticism,  Fiction,  History,  Noted  sayings, 
and  War. 

127.  WARNER.      LIBRARY  OF  THE  WORLD'S  BEST 

LITERATURE.     30  volumes. 

Contains:  Volumes  1-27:  Biographical  and  critical 
sketches,  and  selections.  Volume  28:  Songs,  hymns, 
and  lyrics.  Volume  29:  Biographical  dictionary  of 
authors,  including  many  not  represented  in  the  selections. 
Volume  30:  Synopses  of  noted  books;  general  index. 
Authors  from  every  country  are  included. 

The  material  in  volumes  1-27  is  arranged  alpha- 
betically by  the  names  of  the  authors  represented.  The 
general  index,  volume  30,  is  the  key  to  the  entire  work. 

The  best  compilation  of  the  kind.  The  selections  have 
been  well  made;  the  biographical  and  critical  sketches 
are  by  eminent  scholars  and  writers,  and  are  signed ;  and 
portraits  and  illustrations  are  useful  features. 

Useful  for  those  who  wish  to  get  some  knowledge  of 
an  author's  writings  without  reading  his  entire  works. 


56          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

128.  History.  - 

HARPER'S  BOOK  OF  FACTS. 

An  alphabetically  arranged  encyclopedia  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  world  covering  government,  science,  art,  and 
literature.  Information  concise;  lists  of  rulers  and 
chronological  tables  of  events  under  the  names  of  coun- 
tries. Few  biographical  items;  persons  are  mentioned 
as  a  rule  only  in  the  articles  on  the  places,  events,  etc., 
with  which  they  were  connected. 

129.  HAYDN'S  DICTIONARY  OF  DATES. 

A  standard  work  of  reference  giving  concisely  his- 
torical facts  on  all  subjects.  The  arrangement  is  alpha- 
betical. A  chronological  outline  of  the  history  of  a  sub- 
ject often  accompanies  an  article. 

There  are  no  biographical  articles ;  persons  are  alluded 
to  only  in  connection  with  the  events  in  which  they  took 
part.  To  find  an  allusion  to  a  person,  one  must  use  the 
index  which  gives  the  names  of  the  events,  etc.,  with 
which  he  was  connected;  thus  for  George  Washington, 
one  is  referred  to  the  articles  t 'United  States",  "York- 
town",  and  " Virginia". 

More  comprehensive  than  Harper's  Book  of  Facts, 
but  sometimes  not  so  strong  on  United  States  history. 

130.  LARNED.     HISTORY  FOR  READY  REFERENCE. 

7  volumes  and  "companion  volume." 
Extracts  from  the  writings  of  the  best  historians, 
biographers,  and  specialists,  to  illustrate  the  history  of 
all  countries  and  times.  It  gives  the  exact  words  of  the 
writers  quoted.  The  arrangement  is  alphabetic  by 
country,  event,  etc.,  and  under  place  is  in  order  of  time. 
An  event  is  generally  described  under  the  name  of  the 
country  with  a  cross  reference  from  the  name  of  the 


Reference  Books  57 

event,  thus:  Samnite  Wars,  The.  See  Rome:  B.C.  343- 
290.  Volumes  6  and  7  cover  the  years,  1894-1910.  The 
companion  volume  contains  notes  to  maps,  chronological 
list  of  events,  lineage  of  royal  and  great  historic  families, 
bibliography,  outlines  for  study,  etc. 

131.  PLOETZ.     MANUAL  OF  UNIVERSAL  HISTORY. 
Summary  of  the  principal  facts  and  dates  of  the  history 

of  the  world,  without  comment.     Index. 

132.  HARPER'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  UNITED  STATES 

HISTORY.     10  volumes. 

The  most  extensive  cyclopedia  of  the  subject,  includ- 
ing many  biographical  articles;  texts  of  famous  speeches, 
resolutions,  proclamations;  facsimiles  of  important 
documents;  etc. 

133.  Low   AND  PULLING.      DICTIONARY  OF   ENG- 

LISH HISTORY. 

Events,  persons,  and  institutions  connected  with  Eng- 
lish history  arranged  alphabetically.  Index. 

134.  Text-books.  —  It  often  happens  that  a  sub- 
ject is  not  covered  by  any  special  reference  book.     In 
such  cases,  a  good,  comprehensive,  up-to-date  text-book 
can  frequently  be  used  instead.     A  good  text-book  selects 
and   boils  down   for  its   readers   the  facts  from   many 
sources,  and  presents  them  in  an  orderly  way,  giving 
each  fact  its  proper  importance.     Aids  to  the  student 
which  are  often  found  in  the  best  modern  text-books 
are  full  indexes,  lists  of  readings  and  references,  maps, 
pictures,  diagrams,  etc. 

Some  common  subjects  of  study  on  which,  in  the 
ordinary  library,  text-books  are  likely  to  be  the  best 
available  special  works  for  ready  reference,  are  mathe- 


58          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

matics,  physics,  chemistry,  physical  and  commercial 
geography,  and  botany. 

135.  Bibliographies.  —  A  bibliography  is  a  list  of 
books  or  other  writings  related  to  some  one  thing.  It 
may  be  a  list  of  works  by  an  author,  as  a  bibliography 
of  George  Eliot's  works,  or  relate  to  some  subject,  as  a 
bibliography  of  Education.  It  may  fill  a  book  or  a 
chapter;  it  may  occur  at  the  ends  of  chapters  or  articles, 
or  be  scattered  through  a  book  in  footnotes. 

To  the  student,  bibliographies  are  valuable  in  a  num- 
ber of  ways.  A  bibliography  may  list  all  that  has  been 
published  on  a  subject,  or  it  may  limit  itself  to  those 
works  which  are  most  useful  or  important.  It  may 
include  references  to  magazine  articles,  pamphlets,  and 
parts  of  books  not  mentioned  in  the  library  catalogue. 
It  may  mention  material  which  is  not  in  the  library. 
It  may  have  useful  notes  describing  or  criticizing  the 
books,  etc.,  referred  to.  In  all  these  ways  it  serves  as 
a  guide  and  a  time-saver  to  the  student  who  must  follow 
up  a  subject  with  thoroughness. 

The  card  catalogue  calls  attention  to  the  most  impor- 
tant bibliographies  in  any  particular  library ;  others  must 
be  sought  in  the  text-books,  reference  books,  and  stand- 
ard works  on  a  subject.  In  addition  to  these,  libraries 
often  have  on  file  lists  of  references  on  special  subjects 
for  reading  or  study. 

NOTE. —  Different  editions  of  books  mentioned  in  this  chapter  have 
been  noted  only  when  a  revision  or  enlargement  would  affect  the  manner 
of  using  a  work,  or  when  a  title  has  been  changed. 


Chapter  VI 

Magazines  and  Magazine  Indexes 

136.  Magazines  in  general.  —  Magazines  or  peri- 
odicals are  publications  issued  usually  at  regular  intervals 
commonly  either  of  a  week,  or  of  a  month.     Every  year 
or  six  months  or  other  convenient  period,  a  volume  is 
completed,  and  for  many  magazines  an  index  to  each 
volume  is  published.     Each  number  of  most  periodicals 
has  a  table  of  contents,  the  position  of  which  varies  in 
different  magazines. 

137.  Magazines  in  their  current  numbers  give  the 
latest  thought  and  news  of  the  \vorld  and  thus  supple- 
ment books.     They  often  discuss  subjects  not  treated 
elsewhere,  and  the  better  magazines  print  much  material 
of  lasting  value.     Many  of  them  review  new  books. 

On  the  other  hand,  as  magazine  articles  are  usually 
short  compared  with  books,  they  are  at  their  best  in 
dealing  with  small  subjects  or  with  particular  aspects 
of  large  ones;  they  are  least  likely  to  be  satisfactory  in 
handling  themes  which  call  for  long  and  thorough  treat- 
ment. The  less  conscientious  of  the  popular  magazines 
sometimes  are  sensational  and  print  poor  work  from  an 
author  whose  name  has  advertising  value.  Popular 
articles  on  very  special  subjects,  such  as  science  and  its 
applications,  unless  signed  by  recognized  authorities 
must  be  taken  with  caution. 

138.  Magazines  differ  greatly  both  in  the  kinds  of 
subjects  which   they  handle  and   in   their  style.     For 
special  subjects  there  are  often  special  periodicals,  for 


60          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

instance,  for  education  there  is  among  others  the  Edu- 
cational Review.  As  to  style,  a  more  or  less  popular 
treatment  is  to  be  looked  for  in  general  magazines,  and 
more  scholarly  or  technical  treatment  in  magazines 
which  deal  with  special  subjects. 

139.  Study  of  magazines.  —  In  making  a  study  of 
a  magazine,  look  first  for  the  facts  relating  to  its  publica- 
tion, i.e.,  the  name  of  the  publisher,  editor,1  etc.;  place 
and  frequency  of  publication;  and  price.     This  informa- 
tion may  be  printed  in  an  obscure  corner  so  that  some 
search  may  be  needed  to  find  it.     Read  the  table  of  con- 
tents which  may  also  be  buried  among  other  matter. 
In  this,  observe  what  subjects  are  dealt  with,  whether 
poems,  stories,  etc.,  appear  and  what  kind  of  article  is 
given  the  leading  place.     Look  for  well-known,  names 
among  the  contributors.     Observe  whether  the  contents 
are  classified,  and  if  so,  how.     Read  several  articles  for 
their  quality  and  style.     Notice  whether  or  not  there 
are  illustrations,  their  number,  kind,  and  quality.     Note 
any  striking  special  features.     Observe  the  amount  and 
quality  of  advertising  matter.     Note  if  the  title  is  appro- 
priate to  the  contents.      Compare  with  other   similar 
periodicals  on  the  points  mentioned  above. 

140.  Representative  magazines.  —  The  following 
list  includes  a  few  of  the  more  useful  and  important 
magazines  found  in  American  libraries.2     It  is  intended 

«m  aid  to  the  beginner  in  choosing  among  references 
in    the   magazine   indexes   described   hereafter,   and   in 

1  Brief,  biographical  facts  about  prominent  editors,  publishers,  and 
authors  may  be  sought  in  Who's  Who  in  America,  etc.     See  §  107. 

2  The  magazines  named  in  footnotes  through  the  remainder  of  this 
rliapUT  a;  c'  some  which  the  student  will  often  find  mentioned  in  general 

'lical  indexes,  and  which  therefore  need  a  word  of  description. 
ie  are  of  poorer  quality;  most,  however,  although  important,  are 
uil,  or  nonpopular  in  style,  and  hence  are  less  likc-ly  to  interest  the 
:  ;iry  reader  or  to  be  found  in  smaller  libraries. 


Magazines  and  Magazine  Indexes  61 

selecting  periodicals  for  general  reading.  In  using  it 
for  either  purpose,  the  reader  must  remember  that  the 
same  magazine  may  vary  from  year  to  year  in  the 
quality  and  nature  of  its  contents,  and  in  case  of  a  change 
of  owner,  may  alter  its  character  completely. 

To  save  space  the  following  abbreviations  are  used: 

B    =  has  book  reviews.  Q    =  published  quarterly. 

M  =  published  monthly.  R   =  indexed  in  Readers'  Guide. 

P    =  indexed  in  Poole's  Index.    W  =  published  weekly. 

Book  reviews  are  not  noted  if  unimportant. 

141.  General      popular      magazines.  —  Popular 
articles  on  subjects  of  general  interest  including  litera- 
ture,   social    reform,    politics,    art,    science,    biography, 
travel,  etc.,  stones  and  poems. 

ATLANTIC  MONTHLY,  (M  PR). 

CENTURY,  (M  PR). 

HARPER'S  MONTHLY  MAGAZINE,  (M  P  R). 

SCRIBNER'S  MAGAZINE,  (MPR). 

Of  these  magazines,  the  Atlantic  has  probably  the 
most  consistently  high  literary  standard  and  appeals 
especially  to  the  better  educated  reader.  It  has  no  illus- 
trations. The  Century,  Harper's,  and  Scribner's  are  of 
about  equal  rank  with  one  another,  are  generally  well 
written  and  well  illustrated,  and  are  widely  popular.3 

142.  Some  magazines  choose  their  writers  or  their 
subjects  from  a  certain  geographical  field,  for  example: 

CANADIAN  MAGAZINE,*  (MPR). 

3  These  four  are  the  best  of  the  general  popular  magazines.  The  fol- 
lowing are  less  consistently  high  in  their  standards  of  contents  and  style 
and  are  sometimes  inclined  to  be  sensational. 

AMERICAN  MAGAZINE,  (M  PR).  EVERYBODY'S  MAGAZINE, 
(MPR).  MCCLURE'S  MAGAZINE,  (MPR).  The  earlier  volumes 
of  McClure's  are  of  higher  standard  than  the  later  ones. 

*  Other  such  magazines  are :  NEW  ENGLAND  MAGAZINE,  (MPR); 
OVERLAND  MONTHLY,  (M  PR),  The  West;  SUNSET,  (M  R),  The 
Pacific  slope.  Partly  because  of  their  local  limitations,  such  magazines 
as  a  rule  lack  the  interest  and  literary  quality  of  the  best  general 
magazines. 


62          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

143.  Reviews.  —  Reviews    have    the    same    range 
of  subjects  as  the  general  popular  magazines,  but  are 
more  serious  in  their  treatment.     Their  tone  is  scholarly 
or  literary.     Strong  articles  on  current  political,  social, 
economic,  and  industrial  questions  make  them  valuable 
to  the  debater.     Little  or  no  space  is  given  to  stories 

i  light  literature,  illustrations  are  usually  absent,  and 
advertising  matter  is  scanty.  Important  books  are 
reviewed . 

FORUM,  (M  PR). 

NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW,  (M  PRB).  The  lead- 
ing review  in  the  United  States.5 

144.  Sociology.  —  Few  magazines  in  this  field  are 
of  popular  interest.6 

SURVEY,  (W  PRB)  formerly  CHARITIES  AND  THE 
COMMONS.  Social  reform,  including  such  topics  as  child 
welfare,  poor  relief,  housing,  etc. 

5  Other  American  reviews  are:  ARENA,  (M  PRB).  Discontinued, 
1900;  NEW  REPUBLIC,  (W  R  B).  Original  comment  and  opinion  on 
national  problems.  Viewpoint  is  idealistic;  UNPOPULAR  REVIEW, 
(Q  R).  Aims  at  combating  popular  social,  political,  and  other  national 
fallacies. 

Important  British  reviews  are:  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW,  (MPRB) ; 
EDINBURGH  REVIEW,  (Q  P  R  B),  Published  in  London;  FORT- 
ilTLY  REVIEW,  (M  P  R) ;  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  AND 
AFTER,  (M  P  R);  QUARTERLY  REVIEW,  (Q  P  R  B). 

The  Edinburgh  and  the  Quarterly  have  notable  book  reviews  which 
in  effect  are  long  essays  for  which  the  books  under  discussion  serve  merely 
as  texts,  and  which  make  up  most  or  all  of  these  periodicals. 

LIVING  AGE,  (W  PRB).  Published  in  Boston;  consists  of  important 
articles  reprinted  from  leading  British  periodicals. 

e  The  following  magazines  are  issued  by  universities  or  other  learned 

bodies,  and  contain  scholarly,  authoritative  articles  on  important  topics 

in  sociology  and  economics.     Book  reviews  are  signed  by  specialists. 

e  magazines,  which  are  most  likely  to  be  found  in  college  and  larger 

public  libraries,  are  valuable  sources  for  the  debater. 

AMERICAN  ECONOMIC  REVIEW,  (Q  R  B) ;  AMERICAN  JOURNAL 
OF  SOCIOLOGY,  (Bi-M  PRB);  ANNALS  OF  THE  AMERICAN 
ACADEMY  OF  POLITICAL  AND  SOCIAL  SCIENCE,  (Bi-M  PRB); 

JOIKXAL  OF  POLITICAL  ECONOMY,  (M,  except  Ag.  &  s.,  PRB); 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  QUARTERLY,  (Q  P  R  B) ;     QUARTERLY    JOUR- 
NAL OF  ECONOMICS,   (O  P  R  B). 


Magazines  and  Magazine  Indexes  63 

145.  Education.  —  Magazines    for    teachers.7 

EDUCATION,  (M,  except  Jl.  and  Ag.,  P  R).  Largely 
college  and  high  school. 

EDUCATIONAL  REVIEW,  (M  P  R  B).  College  and  high 
school  education. 

ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  JOURNAL,  (M,  except  Jl.  and 
Ag.,  R)  formerly  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  TEACHER. 

SCHOOL  REVIEW,  (M  PRB).     High  school  education. 

146.  Science.8  —  The  following  magazines  are  popu- 
lar in  style. 

BIRD-LORE,  (Bi-M  R  B).  Articles  and  notes  on  the 
study  and  protection  of  birds;  colored  and  other  illus- 
trations. 

NATIONAL  GEOGRAPHIC  MAGAZINE,  (MPR).  In- 
teresting, finely  illustrated  articles  on  different  lands, 
peoples,  and  customs;  travel  and  exploration;  etc. 

147.  Useful    Arts.  —  In    this    field    are    published 
hundreds   of   periodicals   of   great   value   to   engineers, 
mechanics,  business  men,  and  other  workers. 

ENGINEERING  MAGAZINE,8*  (M  R) .  Engineering,  with 
particular  attention  to  industrial  management.  Special 
features  are  the  monthly  review  of  engineering  progress 
and  the  Engineering  Index  to  technical  periodicals. 

7  Special  branches  of  education  are  often  covered  by  special  maga- 
zines,   for    example:     MANUAL    TRAINING    MAGAZINE,    (M,   except 
Jl.  &  Ag.f  R  B). 

8  Magazines  dealing  with  pure  science  including  those  mentioned  above 
are  for  the  most  part  published  by,  or  under  the  direction  of,  scientific 
societies  and  institutions.     Nearly  all  are  addressed  to  scientific  readers 
and  hence  are  scholarly  or  scientific  in  treatment.     SCIENCE,  (W  PRB). 
Addresses,  papers,  scientific, news  and  notes.      SCIENTIFIC  MONTHLY, 
(MPR)    formerly    POPULAR    SCIENCE    MONTHLY.       Includes    not 
only  natural,  but  also  political  and  social  science,  etc.      The  old  title  is 
not  to  be  confused  with  a  later,  popular,  illustrated  magazine  of  the  same 
name. 

s*  Title  changed  to  INDUSTRIAL  MANAGEMENT,  November,  1916. 


64          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

SYSTEM,  (M).  Popularly  written  articles  on  business 
topics. 

The  following  magazines  have  up-to-date  popular, 
illustrated,  usually  descriptive  articles  on  the  applica- 
tions of  science,  and  are  especially  interesting  to  boys 
and  young  men. 

ILLUSTRATED  WORLD,  (M  R)  formerly  the  TECHNICAL * 
WORLD  MAGAZINE.  A  wide  range  of  the  world's  work. 

POPULAR  MECHANICS,  (M).  Articles  and  many  brief 
items  on  mechanical  subjects;  shop  notes. 

SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN,  (W  R  B) .  Interesting  articles 
on  scientific  and  technical  subjects. 

SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  SUPPLEMENT,  (WRB). 
Largely  articles  reprinted  from  scientific  and  technical 
periodicals. 

148.  Domestic    Science.  —  Practical    articles    for 
the  housekeeper9;    care  of  children ;  clothing;  cookery; 
household  hints;    stories.     Popular  in  style. 

AMERICAN  COOKERY,  (M)  formerly  BOSTON  COOK- 
ING SCHOOL  MAGAZINE;  DELINEATOR,  (MR);  GOOD 
HOUSEKEEPING,  (M  R);  LADIES'  HOME  JOURNAL 
(MR);  WOMAN'S  HOME  COMPANION,  (MR). 

149.  Country  Life. — Popularly  written  and  lavishly 
illustrated    magazines    with   descriptive   and    practical 
articles;    from  the    viewpoint    of    the    amateur    rather 
than  of  the  practical  farmer. 

COUNTRY  GENTLEMAN,  (W).  Agriculture,  gardening, 
and  country  life  in  general;  for  the  country  dweller  of 
ordinary  means. 

COUNTRY  LIFE  IN  AMERICA,  (M  R).  Home-making, 
agricultural,  and  outdoor  subjects. 

•  For  the  teacher  or  student  of  domestic  science  there  is  the  JOUR- 
NAL OF  HOME  ECONOMICS,  (MRB).  This  omits  lighter  features 
such  as  stories. 


Magazines  and  Magazine  Indexes  65 

GARDEN  MAGAZINE,  (M  R).  Planting  and  managing 
the  home  grounds;  cultivation  of  fruits,  vegetables, 
and  flowers. 

150.  Fine  Arts.  —  Art  and  its  application  for  the 
student  of  art  and  the  general  reader,  usually  with  many 
attractive  illustrations.10 

CRAFTSMAN,  (M  PR).  Arts  and  crafts.  Largely 
devoted  to  artistic  home-making  and  furnishing. 

HOUSE  BEAUTIFUL,  (M  R).  Planning,  building,  fur- 
nishing, and  decorating  the  home,  for  the  suburban  or 
country  dweller  of  means. 

INTERNATIONAL  STUDIO,  (M  P  R  B).  Many  illustra- 
tions of  works  of  art,  including  some  in  color. 

151.  Sports.— 

OUTING  MAGAZINE,  (M  P  R).  Chiefly  outdoor  sports 
and  vacation  travel. 

152.  Literature.  —  News,  criticism,  and  discussion 
of  books  and  authors;    careful  book  reviews. 

BOOKMAN,  (M  P  R  B).  Includes  news  and  criticism 
of  the  drama. 

DIAL,  (Semi-MPRB).  Chiefly  reviews  and  notes 
of  books. 

NATION,  (WPRB).  Includes  editorial  articles  on 
questions  of  the  day. 

153.  Current  Events.  n  —  Current  events  at  home 
and  abroad  surveyed  usually  with  editorial  comment; 

10 The  following  magazines  cover  special  branches  of  the  fine  arts: 
ARCHITECTURAL  RECORD,  (MPRB).  Architecture  and  allied  arts 
and  crafts.  MUSICIAN,  (MR).  General  and  practical  articles,  news, 
and  music;  for  amateur,  teacher,  and  professional  musician.  PHOTO- 
ERA,  (MR).  Photography  for  the  amateur;  descriptive,  suggestive, 
and  practical. 

11  Magazines  devoted  to  the  discussion  of  current  events  and  public 
questions,  like  newspapers,  are  likely  to  reflect  to  a  greater  or  less  extent 
in  their  choice  of  contents  and  editorial  attitude  the  personal  or  political 
interests  of  their  owners. 


66          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

illustrated  popular  articles  on  subjects  of  immediate 
public  interest. 

COLLIER'S  NATIONAL  WEEKLY,  (WR).  Pictorial; 
light;  aggressive. 

CURRENT  OPINION,  (W  R).  News  and  comment 
largely  quoted  or  summarized  from  periodicals  and 
newspapers. 

INDEPENDENT,    (W  P  R  B).12 

•LITERARY  DIGEST,  (W  R  B).  Extracts  from  United 
States  and  foreign  periodicals  and  newspapers  compiled 
without  comment;  current  cartoons. 

OUTLOOK,  (W  P  R  B)  Popular ;  progressive.  Editorials 
are  always  worthy  of  attention  but  not  always 
impartial. 

REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS,  full  title,  AMERICAN  REVIEW 
OF  REVIEWS,  (MPRB).  Special  features:  Chrono- 
logical record  of  the  month's  events;  current  cartoons; 
summaries  of  leading  articles  in  other  periodicals. 
Strong  on  public  questions. 

SATURDAY  EVENING  POST,  (W).  Popular;  light;  fic- 
tion of  very  uneven  quality;  interesting  articles  on 
questions  in  politics  and  sociology,  but  reflects  rather 
than  criticizes  public  opinion. 

WORLD'S  WORK,  (M  P  R).  Remarkable  for  its  excel- 
lent illustrations,  and  critical  comment  of  news  of  the 
day.  Interesting  special  articles. 

154.  Other  publications.  —  Besides  magazines, 
there  are  other  publications  which  come  out  from  time 
to  time,  often  irregularly,  which  are  useful  in  reference 
work,  and  which  are  referred  to  in  periodical  indexes, 

«  With  this  was  merged,  May,  1916,  HARPER'S  WEEKLY,  (W  R),  a 
popular,  pictorial  magazine  of  conservative  tendencies  on  public 

questions. 


Magazines  and  Magazine  Indexes  67 

bibliographies,  etc.  Among  these  are  certain  publica- 
tions of  the  United  States  Government,  and  the  pro- 
ceedings of  important  societies. 

155.  U.    S.    Government   bulletins,    etc.  —  The 
bulletins,  circulars,  and  other  similar  papers  issued  by 
the  different  departments  of  the  Government  are,   as 
a    class,    authoritative    and    reliable.     They    cover    an 
immense  number  of  subjects  and  are  written  for  many 
kinds  of  readers,  from  the  scientist  to  the  housewife. 

156.  AGRICULTURE    DEPARTMENT.       FARMERS' 

BULLETINS.     (R) 

These  are  plainly  written  pamphlets,  each  dealing 
in  a  practical  way  with  some  topic  relating  tp  farming, 
gardening,  or  housekeeping. 

157.  AGRICULTURE  DEPARTMENT.  YEARBOOK.  (R) 
Besides  the  yearly  report  of  the   Department,   this 

has  special  articles  for  the  farmer  on  agricultural  topics; 
statistics  on  the  amount,  value,  and  prices  of  farm 
products;  review  of  weather  conditions;  and  other 
useful  information. 

158.  EDUCATION  BUREAU.     BULLETINS.     (R) 
Each  bulletin  is  a  report  on,   or  a  study  of,   some 

educational  subject,  usually  relating  to  primary  or 
secondary  education. 

159.  LABOR  STATISTICS  BUREAU.     BULLETINS.   (R) 
Each  bulletin  is  a  report  on,  or  a  study  of,  some  topic 

of  interest  to  labor.  Some  subjects  covered  by  these 
bulletins  are  hours  of  labor,  child  labor,  retail  prices, 
unemployment,  court  decisions  affecting  labor,  labor 
legislation,  and  industrial  accidents. 

160.  Proceedings  of  Societies.  —  Important  pro- 
fessions, trades,  and  lines  of  business  often  have  national 
or  local  associations  which  meet  periodically.     At  the 


68          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

meetings  of  many  associations,  in  addition  to  the  regular 
business  of  the  meeting,  papers  relating  to  professional 
matters  are  read  and  discussed.  Many  societies  print 
the  papers  and  discussions  in  their  "transactions'*, 
"proceedings",  "journal",  or  whatever  the  published 
record  is  called.  Such  papers  are  often  very  valuable, 
especially  in  the  case  of  national  organizations  of  highly 
trained  workers  such  as  engineers  and  scientists,  but 
naturally  are  likely  to  be  more  or  less  technical  in  treat- 
ment. 

161.  NATIONAL   EDUCATION  ASSOCIATION.      PRO- 

CEEDINGS.    (R) 

Papers  on  current  educational  subjects,  relating 
chiefly  to  elementary,  high,  and  normal  schools. 

162.  Magazine  indexes.  —  The     keys     to     maga- 
zine and  similar  material  are  the  magazine  indexes.     A 
magazine  index,  in  a  few  volumes,  contains  references  to 
thousands  of  articles  which  otherwise,  though  at  hand, 
would    practically    be    unavailable.      For   the   ordinary 
reader  the  most  useful  of  these  indexes  are  Poole's  Index 
and  the  Readers'  Guide. 

163.  Poole's  Index.  —  The  "Poole"  series  of  indexes 
indexes    important    American    and    British    periodicals 
from  1802  to  and  including  1910  as  follows: 

Poole's  Index,  2  volumes,  1802-1881. 

Supplements,  published  every  five  years,  1882-1906. 
These  are  continued  by  the 

Annual  Library   Index,   1907-1910. 

Articles  are  indexed  under  subjects,  except  that  stories 
are  entered  under  titles.  The  arrangement  is  alpha- 
betical. There  are  few  cross  references.  The  Annual 
Library  Index  also  indexes  under  the  names  of  authors. 

There  is  an  abridged  edition  of  Poole's  Index  in  one 
volume  which  covers  thirty-seven  magazines  from  1815 


Magazines  and  Magazine  Indexes  69 

to  1899,  and  has  a  supplementary  volume  from  1900  to 
1904. 

SPECIMEN  ENTRIES  FROM  POOLE'S  INDEX 

Ice-yacht,  How  to  build.     (E.  A.  Terhune.) 
Outing  45:  633. 

—  How  to  sail.     (J.  A.  Roosevelt.) 
Outing  43:  608. 

Icebergs,  The  Peril  of  the.     (P.  T.  McGrath.) 

McClure25:  115. 

Iceland.      (Arch.  Geikie.)     Nature  65:  367. 
-  Book  collections  in.     Lib.  J.  29:  17. 

—  Conversion  of.     (E.  E.  Kellett.) 
Quar.  204:276. 

Note  that  the  title  is  inverted  when  necessary  so  as 
to  bring  the  name  of  the  subject  first. 

164.  The  Readers'  Guide.  —  The  Readers'  Guide 
indexes  periodicals  from  1900  to  date.  It  includes  a 
few  popular  magazines  not  found  in  Poole,  such  as  the 
Delineator,  and  a  few  important  government  publica- 
tions, such  as  the  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. It  does  not  index  as  many  periodicals  as 
Poole. 

It  is  published  monthly.  At  regular  intervals  it 
''cumulates",  that  is,  certain  numbers  in  addition  to 
the  entries  for  the  month  include  the  entries  of  the 
month  before  or  of  a  number  of  months.  All  entries  for 
the  year  are  gathered  into  the  annual  volume,  and  a 
large  volume  covers  each  five-yearly  period. 

The  plan  of  publication  is  such  that  for  the  current 
year,  the  reader  never  needs  to  look  in  more  than  two 
numbers. 

Articles  are  indexed  by  their  subjects,  authors,  and 
occasionally  by  their  titles.  All  entries  in  any  number 


70          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

or  volume  are  arranged  alphabetically,  and  there  are 
cross  references. 

SPECIMEN  ENTRIES  FROM  THE  READERS'  GUIDE 
Mosque,  In  the  shadow  of  the  blue.     Blackw  184:  590-2. 

O;  Same.     Liv  Age  259:  779-81     D.  26  '08 
Mothers 

For  the  suppression  of  mothers.    F.  Pier.     Harp  W  52:  29 

I )  26  '08 
Mistakes  of  young  mothers.     J.  P.  C.  Griffith.     Good  H 

48:  82-6  Ja  '09 
Motor  cycles 

Interesting  motor  cycle.    A.  H.  J.  Keane.     il  Sci  Am  99: 

474.     D  26  '08 
Rise  of  the  motor  cycle.     A.  H.  Bartsch.  il  Harp  W  53: 

24-5     Ja  2  '09 
Mott,  Howard  Schenck 

Growing  importance  of  copper.     Harp  W  52:  28     D  19 

'08 

Unioa  Pacific  report.     Harp  W  52:  30     D  26  '08 
Moulding.     See  Casting 
Moulton,  Richard  Green,  1849- 

Milton  as  the  greatest  of  Englishmen.     Univ  Chic  M  1: 
88-95  Ja  '09 

165.  The   Readers'    Guide   Supplement.  —  This 

indexes  general  periodicals  not  included  in  the  Readers' 
Guide.13  The  magazines  are  of  a  less  popular  nature 
and  less  likely  1,o  be  found  in  the  small  library.  It 
appears  every  two  months  14  and  cumulates  with  each 
number  until  the  annual  volume  is  formed.15  The 
arrangement  and  the  manner  of  use  are  the  same  as  in 
the  Readers'  Guide. 

166.  Magazine  Subject-Index.  —  Another  general 
index,  the  Magazine  Subject-Index,   first  published   in 
1908,   covers  magazines  not  included   in   Poole  or  the 
Readers'  Guide.     It  is  continued  yearly  by  the  Annual 

13  Including  a  number  of  periodicals  formerly  indexed  in  Poole. 

14  Omitting  the  July  number. 

15  There  is  promised   (1916)  a  cumulated  volume  which  is  to  cover 
the  years  1(.X)7   l!)ir>  in  one  alphabet,  and  which  will  supplement  the 
last  volume  of  Poole,  1902-1906. 


Magazines  and  Magazine  Indexes  71 

Magazine  Subject-Index.  Since  Poole  ceased  publica- 
tion it  has  added  many  of  the  periodicals  formerly 
indexed  in  that  series.  It  is  less  important  than  Poole's 
Index  and  the  Readers'  Guide,  and  will  not  be  available 
except  in  larger  libraries. 

167.  Special   indexes.  —  A   number   of   important 
subjects   such   as   engineering,   agriculture,    law,   medi- 
cine,  etc.,   have  special  periodical  indexes  devoted  to 
them.     These    indexes   are   found    mostly    in    large   or 
special  libraries  and  are  of  use  chiefly  to  the  special 
worker.     The  one  which  is  of  most  general  interest  is  the 
Industrial  Arts  Index. 

168.  Industrial    Arts    Index.  —  Beginning    1913, 
this  is  an  alphabetical  index  to  subjects  in  those  technical 
periodicals  most  commonly  found  in  American  libraries. 
It  indexes  journals  chiefly  on  engineering  in  its  different 
branches,  but  also  on  chemistry,  accountancy,  printing, 
forestry,    textiles,    agriculture,    and    commerce.     It    is 
issued  several  times  a  year  and  cumulates  with  each 
number  until  the  annual  volume  is  formed. 

169.  How  to  use  magazine  indexes.  —  In  those 
indexes    which    have    been   described    above,    look    for 
the  name  of  the  subject  wanted  as  in  the  index  of  an 
ordinary    book.       Work    methodically,     for    instance, 
begin  at  the  latest  number  or  volume  and  work  back, 
or  choose  some  date  and  work  forward  from  it.     The 
names  of  the  magazines  indexed  and  a  key  to  their 
abbreviations  .are  found  in  the  front  of  any  number  or 
volume. 

Make  a  note  of  a  reference  by  taking  down  the  name 
of  the  magazine,  the  volume  number,  the  page  numbers 
and  the  date  if  given,  thus: 

Nation,  101:   25-66,  Jl.  1,   '15. 


72          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

170.  Use  the  following  abbreviations  for  the  months 
of  the  year:  Ja.,  F.,  Mr.,  Ap.,  My.,  Je.,  JL,  Ag.,  S.,  O., 
N.,  D. 

171.  If  there  are  many  references  to  be  taken,  note 
each  on  a  separate  slip  or  card;   arrange  references  to 
different  magazines  alphabetically  by  the  name  of  the 
magazine,    and    references    to    the    same  magazine   by 
volume  number  and  date.     Doing    this  saves  time  and 
steps  in  getting  the  volumes  from  the  shelves. 

172.  Risk  of  losing  or  misplacing  slips  can  be  avoided 
by  making  a  ' 'finding  list"  on  a  sheet  of  paper,  thus: 


Century,  89,   Mr.  '15 
Outlook,  108,  D.  30,  '14 
109,  F.  3,  '15 

F.  10,  '15 
Scribner,  58,  Jl.  '15 


Chapter  VII 

Reference  Work:  Working  Bibliographies, 
Notes,  Debating 

173.  Reference  work.  —  In  reference  work  of  any 
kind,  whether  it  be  the  looking  up  of  a  particular 
point  or  the  exhaustive  study  of  some  subject,  as  in 
preparing  a  debate,  it  is  necessary  to  be  able  to  make 
use  of  the  library  as  a  whole.  To  do  this,  the  student 
must  keep  in  mind  the  principal  resources  of  the  library 
for  such  work  which  have  already  been  described  in 
detail,  but  are  here  summarized. 

1.  The  card  catalogue.     This  tells  what  the  library 
has  by  an  author,  whether  it  has  a  particular  title,  and 
what  books  it  has  on  a  subject. 

2.  Reference  books,  including  dictionaries,  encyclo- 
•  pedias  and  special  reference  books.     These  give  short 

accounts  of  subjects. 

3.  Magazine   indexes.     These   give   clues   to   recent 
material  and  to  many  subjects  not  covered  in  reference 
and  other  books. 

4.  Miscellaneous  aids  including  bibliographies  men- 
tioned in  the  card  catalogue,  in  reference  books,  etc., 
and  lists  for  reading  and  study  compiled  by  the  library.1 

1  This  list  of  miscellaneous  aids  is  not  exhaustive.  There  are,  for 
instance,  many  special  indexes  such  as  those  to  U.  S.  government  docu- 
ments, which  are  less  likely  to  be  found  in  smaller  libraries. 


74          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

In  addition,  the  general  arrangement  and  classification 
of  books  and  the  use  of  the  index  and  other  parts  of  a 
book  should  be  understood,  the  former  as  an  aid  in  find- 
ing one's  way  about,  and  the  latter  in  order  to  make 
the  use  of  any  book  easy  and  efficient. 

174.  Working  bibliographies.  —  Before  beginning 
the  study  of  a  subject  in  which  it  is  necessary  to  consult 
a  number  of  books  and  magazine  articles,  it  saves  time 
and  trouble  to  make  out  first  a  list  of  references  for  look- 
ing up.     To  this  list  can  be  added  any  other  references 
met  with  in  the  course  of  one's  reading. 

In  making  such  a  list  or  "working  bibliography", 
the  student  must  consult  the  reference  resources  of  the 
library  described  in  the  previous  paragraphs  on  reference 
work.  The  best  system  to  use  is  a  card  list  with  one 
reference  only  on  each  card.  Cards  or  slips  of  paper 
the  size  of  a  library  catalogue  card,  about  three  inches 
by  five  inches,  are  satisfactory  in  practice.  With  a 
card  system,  references  can  be  noted  as  they  happen 
to  come  and  later  arranged  in  more  convenient  order. 
When  an  article  has  been  read,  the  corresponding  card 
is  checked  and  a  note  on  the  contents  or  value  of  the 
article  is  added  to  it  if  desired.  When  there  are  many 
references,  it  saves  time  in  finding  books  and  avoids  the 
risk  of  losing  or  misplacing  cards  to  make  from  the 
bibliography  a  finding  list.  See  sections  60  and  172. 

175.  Essentials  of  a  bibliography.  —  The  essen- 
tials of  a  bibliography  are  that  it  shall  be  full  and  exact 
in  its  matter,  and  consistent  and  orderly  in  its  form. 

FTLLNESS.  More  references  should  be  noted  than  the 
reader  expects  to  need,  for  some  may  prove  unavailable 
and  others  useless.  Furthermore, 'if  a  subject  is  indefi- 
nite, an  extra  amount  of  reading  may  be  necessary  to 
make  it  clear  in  the  reader's  mind. 


Working  Bibliographies  75 

EXACTNESS.  Each  reference  should  be  exact  enough 
to  enable  the  student  to  identify  and  find  the  material 
referred  to  with  the  least  possible  delay. 

CONSISTENCY.  References  of  the  same  kind  should 
be  alike  in  the  sort  of  information  noted  and  in  the 
arrangement  of  this  information.  Thus,  every  reference 
to  a  book  should  give  author,  title,  and  date,  and  these 
items  should  always  follow  in  the  same  order.  In  the 
same  way,  references  to  magazines  should  be  consistent 
with  each  other.  If  some  detail,  such  as  volume  number, 
date,  etc.,  is  not  given  in  the  catalogue  or  magazine  index, 
leave  a  space  where  it  belongs  on  the  card,  ard  fill  in 
the  information  later  from  the  book  or  the  magazine 
itself.  The  importance  of  consistency  is  seen  when  it 
becomes  necessary  to  arrange  the  cards  in  order. 

ORDER.  The  bibliography  as  a  whole  should  be  ar- 
ranged on  some  definite  plan  so  as  to  make  it  easy  to 
consult.  For  example,  references  to  books  may  be 
separated  from  references  to  magazines,  and  each  part 
arranged  in  alphabetical  order.  For  a  debate,  it  will 
be  convenient  at  least  to  separate  general  affirmative, 
and  negative  references  from  each  other. 

176.  Model  forms  for  a  bibliography. —  For  a 
book,  note  the  following  items  in  the  order  given:  (1) 
Author's  name  inverted,  (2)  title,  (3)  edition  if  given, 
(4)  date,?  preferably  that  of  copyright,  (5)  number  of 
volumes  if  more  than  one.  If  but  part  of  a  work  is 
referred  to,  omit  (5),  and  add  (6)  the  number  of  the 
volume  if  it  is  in  more  than  one  volume,  and  (7)  inclu- 
sive page  numbers.  If  for  use  in  a  library  add  (8) 
the  call  number.  The  following  forms  will  serve  for 
imitation : 

2  In  printed  bibliographies,  place  and  publisher  are  often  inserted 
before  the  date. 


76 


The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 


Use  the  first 
line  for  the 
author's 
name  only 
nlways  start 
the  ftle  on  a 
fresh  line. 
Observe 

rnarg'uT>,spa-L_ 
cing, 9^  general 
arrangement. 


For  a  magazine  article,  note  the  following  items  in 
the  order  given:  (1)  Name  of  the  magazine,  (2)  volume 
number,  (3)  inclusive  page  numbers,  (4)  date,  (5)  title 
of  article,  (6)  author's  name.3 


lop  line:  flame 
or  magazine,  v*p. 
nos5fc>  date  only, 
line  on  new  line 


to   cto 


tfiue, 


177.  Abbreviations.  —  Allowable  abbreviations  are : 
The  use  of  an  author's  initials  if  he  has  more  than  one 

:  When  a  show  of  authorities  is  desired  rather  than  a  working  list,  as 
sometimes  in  a  finished  bibliography  to  be  attached  to  a  report  or  a  thesis, 
the  several  items  may  be  re-arranged  as  follows:  (6)  Inverted,  (5),  (1), 
(2),  (3),  (4),  and  the  entries  arranged  alphabetically  by  the  names  of  the 
authors. 


Notes  77 

forename;  if  a  book  has  more  than  two  authors,  the 
name  of  the  first  only,  followed  by  the  phrase  "and 
others";  and  cutting  off  a  long  title  at  the  end  of  the 
first  significant  phrase. 

178.  Taking  notes.  —  Before  beginning  to  write, 
read  through,  as  carefully  as  time  will  allow,  the  matter 
from  which  notes  are  to  be  made.  When  a  great  deal 
of  material  must  be  examined,  however,  as  in  preparing 
for  a  debate,  the  reader  must  be  able  to  read  rapidly 
as  well  as  effectively. 

Reading  rapidly  is  accomplished  by  grasping  sentences 
as  wholes  instead  of  reading  every  word,  leaping  from 
one  sentence  to  the  next,  snatching  two  or  three  striking 
words  in  a  line  and  trusting  to  later  sentences  to  clear 
up  the  meaning.  Special  attention  should  be  paid  to 
the  beginnings  and  ends  of  sentences,  of  paragraphs, 
and  of  chapters.  In  paragraphs,  the  ' 'topical  sentence" 
should  be  sought.  In  a  book  as  a  whole,  the  first  chapter 
often  states  the  problem  and  the  last,  the  author's  con- 
clusions; the  table  of  contents  is  highly  useful  as  a 
summary;  and  the  index  serves  for  quickly  finding  all 
the  allusions  to  a  subject.4 

Notes  are  easier  to  consult  and  look  better  if  they 
are  arranged  on  the  page  in  a  certain  form.  At  the  top 
of  the  first  page  of  a  note  should  appear  the  subject  and 
an  exact  reference  to  the  source  of  the  note  so  that 
statements  can  be  verified  if  necessary.  Leave  a  generous 
margin  at  the  left  for  remarks.  In  loose-leaf  notes,  use 
one  side  only  of  the  paper,  and  start  a  new  note  on  afresh 
page  if  notes''  must  be  rearranged  or  later  notes  inserted. 

In  the  note  itself,  unless  the  original  words  are  to  be 
quoted,  the  aim  should  be  to  summarize  and  condense. 

<  Most  of  the  suggestions  in  this  paragraph  are  borrowed  from  R.  L. 
Sandwick.  How  to  Study.  1915.  p.  56-66. 


78          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

Therefore  leave  out  unessential  words,  phrases,  sen- 
tences, and  points.  Substitute  a  paragraph  for  a  page, 
a  sentence  for  a  paragraph,  a  phrase  for  a  sentence.  In 
notes  for  one's  own  use,  use  any  signs,  abbreviations,  or 
other  short  forms  which  will  be  easily  understood,  such 
as  &  for  "and",  .  *  .  for  "therefore",  tho  for  "though", 
r  for  "are",  etc.  The  student's  own  ingenuity  will 
suggest  others.5 

Marks  which  should  be  used  for  the  sake  of  exactness 
are  quotation  marks  ("  ")  if  the  exact  language  of  the 
original  be  used,  three  dots  (.  .  .)  where  words  are  left 
out  of  a  quotation,  and  brackets  ([  ])  for  enclosing  com- 
ments by  the  taker  of  the  note. 

179.  Use  of  the  library  in  debating.  —  The  sug- 
gestions on  the  use  of  the  library  which  have  hitherto 
been  made  apply  to  debaters  as  well  as  others.  Detailed 
directions  on  the  card  system,  on  taking  notes  of  evi- 
dence, on  preparing  the  brief,  and  on  the  literary  side 
in  general  of  debate  work  are  included  among  other 
matter  in  text-books  on  the  subject  which  are  common 
in   school   and   public   libraries.     There   remain   a  few 
special  points  not  fully  covered  elsewhere  which  par- 
ticularly concern  the  use  of  the  library. 

180.  Choosing    the    question.  —  In    choosing    a 
subject  for  argument,  one  question  which  the  debater 
should  ask  himself  is,  "How  much  material  on  this  sub- 
ject am  I  likely  to  find  in  print?" 

6  Some  shorthand  signs  which  can  be  adapted  to  longhand  notes  are: 
^-^  are  ^  not  C  that 

\    he  x  of  /  the 

o     is  >  of  the         '  )  was 

/  which 

Marks  which  can  be  used  in  place  of  word  endings  are   ~~  for  -tion, 
^  for  -ment,  *  for -ing,  etc.;    thus,  abbrevia  for  "abbreviation",    com- 
mence for  "commencement",  and  do  for  "doing". 


Debating  79 

In  answer  it  will  help  him  to  remember  that  the 
greater  the  general  interest  in  a  subject,  the  more  books 
and  magazine  articles  will  be  written  about  it;  for 
instance,  municipal  and  social  reform,  and  the  relations 
of  labor  and  capital  are  always  being  discussed  in  print. 
A  measure  which  is  before  Congress,  or  a  question  of 
national  interest  which  is  being  agitated  in  the  news- 
papers or  magazines,  is  likely  to  be  rich  in  printed 
material  for  argument. 

The  narrower  or  more  local  the  subject,  the  less  the 
material;  for  instance,  there  would  be  nothing  on  the 
proposition:  RESOLVED,  that  the  lunch  hour  in  the  Wash- 
ington High  School  be  changed  from  12  o'clock  noon,  to 
12.30  p.m.  For  such  a  subject,  the  debater  must  be  able 
to  rely  on  his  own  knowledge  of  the  facts,  and  ingenuity 
in  arranging  and  presenting  them. 

When  a  question  unites  a  local  application  to  a  general 
proposition,  the  debater  is  likely  to  find  plenty  of 
material  on  the  latter,  but  may  have  to  rely  on  his  wits 
for  the  former.  For  instance  on  the  question ,  RESOLVED , 
that  the  city  manager  form  of  government  be  adopted  by 
(a  certain  city),  there  is  much  material  in  the  city  man- 
ager plan  in  general  but  probably  little  bearing  directly 
on  conditions  in  that  city. 

Foolish  or  undebatable  prospositions  will  be  found 
to  lack  material  on  one  side  or  the  other.  For  instance 
the  proposition,  RESOLVED,  that  there  should  be  a  safe  and 
sane  Fourth  of  July,  is  not  debatable.  No  sensible 
argument  can  be  advanced  for  an  unsafe  and  insane 
holiday,  and  it  is  accordingly  found  that  the  negative 
of  this  question  has  no  case  as  far  as  printed  arguments 
are  concerned.  Numerous  manuals  for  debaters  have 
long  lists  of  propositions  which  will  frequently  serve 


80          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

either  as  questions  for  debate  as  they  stand,  or  as  models 
for  the  wording  of  original  questions. 

When  the  subject  has  been  chosen  and  the  wording 
settled,  the  question  should  be  brought  to  the  library 
written  out  plainly  in  the  exact  words  in  w^hich  it  is  to 
be  debated.  The  debater  is  then  ready  to  begin  work 
on  his  bibliography  as  above  described. 

181.  Special    material. — Sources  of  material  of 
special  use  to  the  debater  are  reference  books,  news- 
papers,   United    States   Government   publications,    the 
publications  of  certain  societies,  and  numerous  books  on 
debating. 

182.  Among  REFERENCE  BOOKS,  general  encyclo- 
pedias often  give  impartial  outlines,  histories,  and  general 
statistics  of  important  questions.     They  are  the  first 
books  to  be  consulted  in  making  the  acquaintance  of  a 
subject.     Unabridged  dictionaries  are  helpful  in  defining 
terms  and  in  supplying  quotations  illustrating  their  use. 
Other  reference  books  of  particular  value  to  the  debater 
are  those  covered  by  the  class  numbers  from  300  to  379 
inclusive,  dealing  with  sociology  and  including  statistics, 
political   economy,    government,    education,    etc.      For 
determining  the  standing  of  a  writer,  such  works  as 
"Who's  Who  in  America"  are  useful. 

183.  NEWSPAPERS  should  be  watched  when  a  debate 
deals   with   some   topic   of   the   hour.     Their   editorial 
columns  may  supply  comment  or  argument;    the  news 
columns,   specific  instances  of  evils  or  reforms,   court 
decisions,    legislative    events,    results    of    elections,    or 
other   significant   news.     They   are   particularly   useful 
for  local  topics. 

184.  GOVERNMENT  DOCUMENTS  such  as  reports  and 
bulletins  of  bureaus  and  departments,  of  congressional 


Debating  81 

committees,  of  special  commissions,  census  and  other 
statistical  reports,  etc.,  are  authoritative. 

185.  THE    CONGRESSIONAL    RECORD    reports    the 
debates  in  Congress  every  day  that  Congress  is  in  session. 
The  first  part  of  the  Record  is  devoted  to  set  speeches 
which  could  not  be  delivered  for  lack  of  time,  but  are 
printed  for  the  benefit  of  constituents.     The  proceedings 
of  the  Senate  follow,  and  the  proceedings  of  the  House 
come  last.     In   the  debates,   headings  are   inserted   to 
indicate  the  subject  under  discussion.    The  Congressional 
Record    frequently    contains    valuable    material;     and 
the  proceedings  of  whichever  house  has  a  bill  under 
consideration  should  be  carefully  watched  when  a  team 
is  debating  the  same  subject.     It  is  useful  for  suggest- 
ing  subjects   of  public  interest  for  debate.     In   using 
the  Congressional  Record,  however,  it  is  to  be  borne 
in    mind    that   congressmen   vary   in    attainments   and 
public  reputation. 

186.  There    are   numerous  SOCIETIES  which    exist 
for  the  furthering  of  some  public  object,  such  as  the 
Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Something,  the  Associa- 
tion for  the  Promotion  of  This,  and  the  League  for  the 
Study  of  That.     Such  a  society  is  likely  to  issue  publica- 
tions which  contain  valuable  and  interesting  informa- 
tion and  which,  if  they  are  not  in  the  library,  can  often 
be  had  of  the  society  for  the  asking.     The  library  can 
often  furnish  the  exact  names  and  addresses  of  such 
societies  and  other  sources  from  which  direct  informa- 
tion may  be  sought  by  writing. 

187.  Books  on  debating :      How  to  debate.  —  The 
books  in  the  following  lists  are  of  special  use  to  beginners. 
FOSTER,   (W.  H.)     DEBATING  FOR  BOYS. 

Very  simple,  brief  outline  explaining  the  essentials  of 
debating  and  parliamentary  law.     Appendixes  contain 


82          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

a   list   of    questions   for   debate,    instructions   on    how 
to  judge  a  debate,  and  a  specimen  constitution  for  a 
debating  club. 
FOSTER,  (W.  T.)    ARGUMENTATION  AND  DEBATING. 

A  thorough,  careful  exposition  of  the  art  of  debate, 
with  many  illustrative  examples  and  a  list  of  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  propositions.  A  college  text- 
book, but  valuable  for  reference  to  the  high  school 
debater. 

FOSTER,   (W.  T.)     ESSENTIALS    OF  EXPOSITION    AND 
ARGUMENT. 

Excellent  manual  for  high  schools,  academies,  and 
debating  clubs,  presenting  the  subject  from  the  student's 
viewpoint.  Includes  detailed  directions  on  the  use  of 
the  card  system,  making  notes  of  evidence,  preparing 
the  brief,  etc.,  among  other  practical  matter. 
LAYCOCK  AND  SPOFFORD.  MANUAL  OF  ARGUMEN- 
TATION. 

Simple  manual  for  high  schools  and  academies. 

PHELPS.     DEBATERS'  MANUAL. 

Compilation  of  practical  material  on  preparing 
debates,  and  on  the  organization  and  management 
of  debating  societies  and  leagues.  Includes  a  section 
on  judging;  a  list  on  public  speaking,  argumentation, 
and  debate;  and  a  subject  index  to  sources  which  con- 
tain complete  debates,  references,  briefs,  and  like 
material. 

THOMAS.     MANUAL  OF  DEBATE. 

A  compact  manual  suitable  for  the  high  school  de- 
bater. 

188.  Books  on  debating:  Briefs,  lists,  and 
references.  —  The  books  named  below  contain  lists 
of  questions,  outlines  of  debates,  references  to  sources, 


Debating  83 

etc.     When  articles  referred  to  in -these  books  are  used, 
they  should  always  be  supplemented  by  using  the  latest 
material  available  through  library  catalogue  and  maga- 
zine indexes. 
CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH.     DEBATE  INDEX. 

Indexes  a  number  of  debaters'  manuals  and  is  useful 
as  a  guide  in  locating  material  quickly,  especially  on 
out-of-the-way  subjects. 
BROOKINGS  AND  RINGWALT.    BRIEFS  FOR  DEBATE. 

Seventy-five  questions  with  outlines  for  both  sides, 
and  very  full  lists  of  references.  It  also  has  a  list  of 
two  hundred  additional  topics  for  discussion,  and  a 
preface  on  the  art  of  debate,  which,  though  intended 
for  college  men,  the  high  school  debater  should  find 
suggestive.  Old  but  useful. 
CRAIG.  PROS  AND  CONS. 

Contains  complete  debates  with  the  questions  fully 
discussed  on  both   sides,  and  directions  for   organizing 
a  debating  society. 
DEBATERS'  HANDBOOK  SERIES. 

Numerous  volumes  have  been  published,  each  devoted 
to   some   question   of    public   interest,    and    containing 
selected    articles,    with    brief    and    bibliography.     Par- 
ticularly useful. 
INTERCOLLEGIATE  DEBATES. 

A  series  of  which  each  volume  contains  briefs  and 
reports  of  actual  intercollegiate  debates,  with  lists  of 
references. 
LIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS. 

Numerous  lists  of  references  on  important  subjects. 
Many  references  will  be  found  only  in  larger  libraries 
and  will  be  of  use  to  the  college  rather  than  the  high 
school  debater. 


84          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

MATSOX.     REFERENCES  FOR  LITERARY  WORKERS. 

Topics  and  questions  for  debate  with  numerous 
references  to  sources.  Useful  for  out-of-the-way  sub- 
jects. 

RIXGWALT.    BRIEFS  ON  PUBLIC  QUESTIONS. 

Similar  to  Brookings  and  Ringwalt's  Briefs  for  De- 
bate, but  more  recent. 

ROBBINS.    HIGH  SCHOOL  DEBATE  BOOK. 

Simple,  practical  instructions  on  the  preparation  of 
debates;  briefs  and  references. 

UNIVERSITY  DEBATERS'  ANNUAL. 

A  yearly  compilation  of  word  for  word  reports  of 
intercollegiate  debates,  with  bibliographies. 

189.     Books  on  parliamentary  law.  - 

HENRY.      How  TO  ORGANIZE  AND  CONDUCT  A  MEET- 
ING. 

A  useful  manual  for  members  or  organizers  of  debating 
clubs,  literary  societies,  secret  societies,  etc. 

ROBERT  (H.  M.).    RULES  OF  ORDER. 

A  handbook  of  parliamentary  law  based  on  the  rules 
and  practice  of  Congress,  including  an  explanation  of 
the  methods  of  organizing  and  conducting  the  business 
of  societies.  The  index  should  be  used.  Very  useful 
for  presiding  officers. 

ROBERT  (J.  T.).    PRIMER  OF  PARLIAMENTARY  LAW. 

Simplified  parliamentary  law  and  practice  for  schools, 
colleges,  clubs,  fraternities,  etc.  Object-lessons  and 
exercises  for  practice. 


Chapter  VIII 

Sources  of  Information  about  Books;    Book 
Buying 

189a.  With  even  a  large  library  at  hand,  it  is  often 
desirable  or  necessary  to  have  books  of  one's  own.  The 
present  chapter  is  intended  to  aid  the  ordinary  reader  in 
his  book  purchasing,  first  by  describing  some  of  the  prin- 
cipal sources  of  information  about  books,  and  secondly 
by  dwelling  on  some  practical  points  in  buying. 

190.  Advertisements,  newspaper  notices,  and 
reviews.  —  New  books  are  brought  to  the  attention  of 
the  public  chiefly  by  means  of  publishers1  advertise- 
ments, newspaper  notices,  and  reviews  in  magazines. 

A  publisher's  advertisement  is  useful  chiefly  as  an 
announcement  of  the  fact  that  a  certain  book  has  been 
published  at  a  certain  price.  Beyond  this  it  is  not  a 
trustworthy  guide  as  it  naturally  does  not  give  adverse 
criticism. 

Newspaper  notices  are  usually  brief,  colorless,  and 
lacking  in  discrimination  and  authority.  Hence,  they 
are  of  little  more  value  than  advertisements  and  in  fact 
are  often  based  upon  publishers'  announcements. 

Reviews  in  the  better  magazines,  on  the  contrary,  are 
likely  to  be  disinterested  and  carefully  written,  and  are 
sometimes  signed  by  critics  or  specialists  of  recognized 
authority.  It  is  true  that  reviews  even  in  the  best  mag- 
azines are  sometimes  one-sided  in  their  criticism  or 
written  without  expert  knowledge.  Furthermore,  when 
they  turn  upon  questions  of  personal  taste  or  outlook 


86          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

as  in  the  case  of  novels,  rather  than  upon  matters  of 
style  and  fact,  the  reader  may  disagree  with  their  con- 
clusions. But  when  all  their  shortcomings  have  been 
allowed  for,  they  remain  an  extremely  useful  source  of 
information  about  books. 

191.  Uses  of  book  reviews.  —  Book  reviews  are 
useful  in  a  number  of  ways.    They  are  a  help  not  only 
to  the  possible  purchaser,  but  also  to  anyone  in  choosing 
what  to  read.     In  particular,  the  reviews  in  magazines 
devoted  to  special  subjects  keep  the  special  worker  in 
touch  with  the  latest  books  in  his  field.    For  one  who  has 
little  time  to  read,  they  are  useful  as  summaries  of  that 
part  of  the  world's  thought  and  doings  which  has  seemed 
worth  preserving  in  more  lasting  form  than  newspapers 
and  magazines  afford.     The  reading  of  reviews  helps 
also  to  cultivate  the  judgment  on  books  and  authors. 

192.  Differences     among     reviews.  —  Magazines 
differ  from  one  another  in  the  character  of  their  reviews 
as  well  as  in  their  other  details. 

In  periodicals  of  a  general  nature,  such  as  the  Outlook, 
Independent,  and  Literary  Digest,  reviews  are  published 
on  books  in  all  fields  of  general  interest,  history,  biog- 
raphy, education,  literature,  sport,  travel,  fiction,  etc. 
The  tone  of  the  reviews  is  popular  and  the  viewpoint 
that  of  the  well-informed,  intelligent  reader  whose 
knowledge  is  chiefly  literary,  rather  than  that  of  the 
specialist.  Books  not  usually  reviewed  in  such  magazines 
are  text-books,  books  on  technical  subjects,  and  works 
of  interest  to  the  specialist  only,  such  as  most  legal  and 
medical  books. 

The  reviews  in  a  magazine  devoted  to  some  special 
subject  are  usually  confined  wholly  or  chiefly  to  books 
on  that  or  related  subjects.  Attention  is  paid  tc  text- 
books and  special  treatises.  Criticism  is  more  likely 


Book  Buying  87 

to  be  from  the  expert's  viewpoint  than  in  the  general 
magazines,  and  hence  for  non-literary  subjects  is  likely 
to  be  more  valuable. 

193.  What  to  look  for  in  a  review.  —  A  review 
should  first  describe  a  book  fully  and  exactly  by  giving 
the  author's  name,  title,  edition,  place  of  publication, 
publisher,  date,  number  of  volumes,  paging,  price,  etc., 
the  significance  of  most  of  which  items  has  been  discussed 
in  Chapter  II.1     From  the  body  of  the  review  the  reader 
should  gain  a  clear  idea  of  the  purpose  of  the  book  and 
the  author's  success  in  attaining  it,  the  contents,  the 
style,    and    any    points    calling    for    special    comment. 
The  tone  of  the  review  as  a  whole  should  also  be  noted, 
whether  it  is  favorable,  unfavorable,  or  non-committal, 
and  whether  the  reviewer  discusses  definite  important 
points  or  deals  in  general  remarks  which  really  mean 
little. 

Among  the  special  points  on  which  reviews  sometimes 
dwell  are  the  timeliness  of  the  subject;  the  qualifications 
of  the  author;  the  fullness,  accuracy,  and  up-to-dateness 
of  the  text;  aids  to  the  reader,  such  as  indexes,  bibliog- 
raphies, etc.;  illustrations;  comparison  with  other  books; 
and  mechanical  features  such  as  printing  and  binding. 

194.  To  find  a  book  review.  —  In  finding  a  review 
for  a  book,  the  essential  thing  to  remember  is  that  re- 
views ordinarily  appear  shortly  after  a  book   is   first 
published.    This  date  may  be  sought  in  the  book  itself, 
in    the    library    catalogue,    encyclopedias,    biographical 
dictionaries,  including  Who's  Who  and  Who's  Who  in 
America,    biographies    of   authors,    bibliographies,    and 
various   trade   lists.2      Knowing   this   date,    the   reader 

1  Note  in  addition  that  it  is  sometimes  helpful  to  compare  the  number 
of  pages  with  the  price. 

2  Particularly  the  United  States  Catalog  and  the  Cumulative  Book 
Index.     See  §§206,  207. 


88          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

familiar  with  magazines  can  often  find  a  desired  review 
by  going  directly  to  a  periodical  containing  reviews  and 
consulting  the  indexes  of  the  volumes  for  that  year,  or 
for  the  year  following.3 

195.  Indexes  to  book  reviews.  —  In  a  very  small 
library  which  takes  few  magazines,  the  method  described 
above  for  finding  reviews  will  very  likely  be  practicable 
and  sufficient.    For  text-books,  technical  books,  and  very 
special  works  it  is  often  the  only  way  in  any  library. 
In  libraries  which  take  many  magazines,  however,  it 
saves  time  and  trouble  to  make  use  of  certain  aids  as 
follows : 

196.  THE   BOOK   REVIEW   DIGEST  beginning   1905 
indexes  reviews  in  a  variety  of  magazines  including  some 
of  the  more  important  special  periodicals.    It  is  published 
each  month  and  cumulates  at  intervals  during  the  year 
until  the  annual  volume  is  formed.    Besides  telling  where 
reviews  are  to  be  found,  it  gives  notes  and  extracts  from 
reviews  and  indicates  whether  or  not  reviews  are  favor- 
able.   The  arrangement  is  alphabetical  under  author.4 

197.  THE  READERS'  GUIDE  for  1900-1904  indexes 
reviews  under  the  authors  and  subjects  of  books;    for 
later   years   it   indexes  reviews   if  they   are   important 
articles. 

198.  THE  CUMULATIVE    INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS, 
published  from  1896  to  1903,  a  publication  similar  to  the 
Readers'  Guide,  indexes  reviews. 

a  Some  popular  magazines  which  are  commonly  found  in  small 
libraries  and  which  contain  many  reviews  and  briefer  notices  of  books  on 
subjects  of  general  interest  are  the  Outlook,  Independent,  and  Literary 
Digest.  Magazines  of  a  less  popular  nature  which  make  a  specialty  of 
book  reviewing  are  the  Nation,  Bookman,  Current  Literature,  and  the 
Dial,  especially  the  last.  In  larger  libraries,  the  following  English  book- 
reviewing  periodicals  are  sometimes  found:  Spectator,  Saturday  Review, 
Athenaeum,  and  Academy  (suspended  1916).  These  are  particularly 
useful  for  reviews  of  English  books. 

4  J beginning  1909,  there  is  a  title  index. 


Book  Buying 


89 


199.  POOLERS  INDEX  indexes  some  reviews  though  by 
no  means  all  those  included  in  the  magazines  which  it 
covers.    Criticism  of  poetry,  drama,  and  fiction  appears 
under  the  name  of  the  author  of  the  work  criticized, 
that  of  other  books  under  their  subjects.     Thus,  for  a 
review  of  Enoch  Arden,  look  under  Tennyson;  for  one  of 
Froude's  History  of  England,  look  under  England. 

200.  Table  of  Indexes  to  Book  Reviews  in  Maga- 
zines.— 


FOR  YEARS 

CONSULT 

REMARKS 

1800-1906 

Poole 

For  fiction,  poet- 

ry, drama,  see 

author;  for  other 

1896-1899 

Cumulative  Index  to 

works,  subject. 
Later  numbers  are 

Periodicals 

covered  by  the 

Readers'  Guide. 

1900-1904 

Readers'  Guide 

Later  years  also 

give  reviews  if 

important  . 

1905-date 

Book  Review  Digest 

Includes  notes  and 

extracts. 

201.  Miscellaneous     sources.  —  In    addition     to 
magazines,   other  sources  of  information  about  books 
are    Moulton's    Library    of     Literary    Criticism,5    the 
A.  L.  A.   (American  Library  Association)  Catalog  and 
its  Supplement,  and  the  A.  L.  A.  Booklist. 

202.  A.  L.  A.  CATALOG.     1904. 

This  is  a  classified  list  of  about  8,000  books  on  all 
subjects,  for  popular  libraries.  The  titles  were  chosen 
by  experienced  librarians,  and  there  are  helpful  notes. 


5  See  §  125. 


90          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

An  index  helps  the  user  in  finding  books  by  author, 
title,  or  subject. 

203.  A.  L.  A.  CATALOG.     Supplement.     1904-1911. 
This  lists  with  notes,  3000  of  the  best  books  on  all 

subjects    published    1904-1911.     It    has    an    index    of 
authors,  and  one  of  subjects. 

204.  A.  L.  A.  BOOKLIST.     1905-date. 

A  monthly 6  buying  guide  for  libraries.  It  gives 
descriptive  and  critical  notes  from  a  library  viewpoint, 
publishers,  and  prices.7 

205.  Discussions   and   criticisms   of  books   are   also 
found  in  histories  of  literature,  biographies  of  authors, 
and  bibliographies  of  special  subjects. 

206.  United  States  Catalog.  —  Book  dealers  and 
librarians  gain  much  of  their  information  about  pub- 
lishers,  prices,  editions,   etc.,   from   the   United   States 
Catalog  and  its  supplement,  the  Cumulative  Book  Index. 

The  United  States  Catalog  8  lists  practically  all  books 
published  in  the  United  States  which  wrere  in  print  9 
January  1,  1912.  In  addition  to  books  issued  by  ordi- 
nary publishers  it  includes  many  publications  of  the 
United  States  Government;  state,  society,  and  univer- 
sity publications;  and  privately  printed  books.  It  also 
lists  many  imported  books  and  the  publications  of  some 
Canadian  firms. 

Books  are  listed  under  authors,  subjects,  and  titles, 
all  entries  being  arranged  in  one  alphabet.  For  each 
book  are  given  those  facts  which  are  needed  to  identify 
it  including  the  author's  name,  title,  edition,  date,  pub- 
lisher, price,  and  generally  the  number  of  pages  as  well 

6  Except  July  and  August. 

7  A  subject  index  is  published  for  volumes  1-6,  through  June,  1910. 

8  Third  edition. 

9  A  book  is  "in  print"  when  it  can  be  had  from  its  publishers,  and 
"out  of  print"  when  it  cannot  thus  be  had. 


Book  Buying  91 

as  other  details.  The  fullest  information  is  found  under 
the  name  of  the  author,  or  if  a  book  has  no  author,  under 
the  title. 

207.  The  Cumulative  Book  Index.  —  This  contin- 
ues the  United  States  Catalog  to  date.     It  is  published 
periodically  and  cumulates  at  intervals  through  the  year 
as   well   as   annually.     It   contains   the   same   kind   of 
information  and  is  arranged  in  the  same  way  as  the 
United  States  Catalog. 

208.  Book  buying.  —  The  remainder  of  this  chapter 
is  intended  to  give  the  reader  a  few  practical  suggestions 
on  the  purchasing  of  books. 

For  the  ordinary  person,  the  best  way  to  buy  books 
is  either  of  a  regular  book  dealer  or  directly  from  the 
publisher.  If  a  book  is  not  in  stock,  ordering  through 
the  dealer  has  the  advantage  of  relieving  the  customer 
of  the  trouble  of  getting  the  publisher's  address,  of  cor- 
respondence, and  of  payment  by  mail. 

To  obtain  a  book  for  a  customer,  a  dealer  needs  the 
following  information:  (1)  Author's  name,  (2)  title, 
(3)  edition  or  series  if  special,  (4)  style  of  binding  if 
special,  i.e.,  leather,  paper,  or  cloth,  (5)  publisher,  (6) 
price.  Author's  name  and  title  must  be  furnished  by 
the  purchaser  and  should  be  as  exact  as  possible.  The 
remaining  information  can  be  found  by  the  dealer  from 
his  trade  lists,  but  since  there  may  be  different  editions 
of  the  same  book,  as  in  the  case  of  many  classics  and 
standard  works,  there  is  less  chance  for  mistake  if  the 
customer  can  supply  it  from  his  own  knowledge. 

209.  Physical  points.  —  In  book  buying,  not  only 
the  contents  of  a  book  must  be  considered,  but  also, 
when  a  choice  is  possible,  its  physical  points,  the  chief 
of  which  are  paper,  print,  and  binding.     These  details 
concern  the  comfort  and,  in  the  case  of  paper  and  print, 


92          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

also  the  eyesight  of  the  reader.  Print  should  be  suffi- 
ciently large,  clear,  and  easy  to  read;  fine  print  strains 
the  eyes.  Paper  should  be  white  or  of  a  slight  cream 
tint,  firm,  and  opaque  so  that  the  print  on  the  back  of 
the  page  does  not  show  through.  Avoid  highly  glazed 
paper  if  possible,  for  it  dazzles  the  eye  and  soils  easily. 
Binding  should  be  plain  as  a  rule,  and  substantial.  In 
the  matter  of  binding,  cloth  is  ordinarily  preferable  to 
leather,  as  most  leather  sooner  or  later  rots  and  goes 
to  pieces.  It  is  true  that  leather  if  properly  selected 
and  tanned  makes  the  handsomest  and  most  durable 
binding  for  a  book,  but  such  leather  is  expensive  and 
rarely  met  with  in  ordinary  trade  bindings.  It  is  never 
met  with  on  a  cheap  book. 

Some  marks  of  a  well  bound  book  are:  It  looks  neat 
and  well  made.  It  feels  firm  and  compact;  no  sections 
are  loose.  The  back  is  well  rounded,  not  flat.  The 
cover  fits  well  at  the  joint  and  is  not  easily  pressed  away 
there  from  the  book.  The  book  opens  without  the  crack- 
ling noise  due  to  too  much  glue  on  the  back.  For  it  to 
lie  flat  wherever  opened  is  a  good  sign,  but  not  always 
applicable,  e.g.,  to  books  printed  on  stiff  paper.10 

210.  Abbreviations  relating  to  binding.  —  The 
following  are  some  abbreviations  relating  to  binding 
which  are  frequently  found  in  publishers'  catalogues  and 
trade  publications. 

bd.  =  bound.11 

bds.  =  boards,  i.e.,  pasteboard  covers. 

cf.  =  calf,  i.e.,  calfskin. 

cl.  =  cloth. 

10  See  A.  L.  Bailey,  Library  Bookbinding/     1916.      p.  49-50. 

"  A  book  is  called  "full-bound"  when  it  is  entirely  covered  with  leather. 
When  the  back  and  corners  are  of  leather,  a  book  is  "half-bound"  or 
limes  "three-quarter  bound",  depending  on  the  extent  to  which  the 
leather  covers  it. 


Book  Buying  93 

flex.  =  flexible,  e.g.,  flex.  lea. 

hf.  =  half,  e.g.,  hf.-cf. 

lea.,  leath.         =  leather. 

lev.  =  levant;    a  handsome,  large-grained  variety 

of  morocco  leather, 
mor.  =  morocco;   a  fine  kind  of  leather  made  from 

goat-skin. 

pa.,  pap.  =  paper, 

pam.,  pamph.  =  pamphlet;  a  small  book  in  paper  covers,  or 

without  any  covers, 
rus.  =  Russia;   a  fine,  brownish  red  leather  with  a 

characteristic  odor, 
sh.  =  sheep,  i.e.,  sheepskin;  one  of  the  less  durable 

leathers, 
vel.  =  vellum;    skin  of  calves  treated  to  make  it 

white,  smooth,  and  translucent. 

Terms  relating  to  leather,  especially  the  finer  grades, 
are  often  applied  to  inferior  grades  and  to  its  imitation. 

211.  Book  sizes.  —  In  buying  a  book  without 
seeing  it,  another  physical  point  to  inquire  into  is  the 
size,  when  this  would  affect  its  usefulness,  for  instance, 
portability  or  the  dimensions  of  maps. 

To  aid  the  purchaser,  publishers'  catalogues,  trade 
lists,  and  reviews  employ  certain  terms  to  indicate  the 
size  of  a  page.12  There  is  considerable  disagreement 
over  the  exact  sizes  which  these  terms  denote,  but  the 
leading  publications  13  of  the  book  trade  in  the  United 
States  have  adopted  the  following  in  describing  the 
books  which  they  list: 

!2  The  terms  quarto,  folio,  octavo,  etc.,  originally  referred  to  the  num- 
ber of  leaves  into  which  a  sheet  of  printing  paper  was  folded  in  making 
up  a  book.  If  the  sheet  were  folded  once,  making  two  leaves  to  each 
section  (see  page  1),  the  book  was  said  to  be  in  folio;  if  twice,  making 
four  leaves,  in  quarto;  if  three  times,  making  eight  leaves,  in  octavo;  etc. 
They  are  now  ordinarily  used  to  denote  the  size  of  the  page  only,  without 
reference  to  the  number  of  leaves  folded  from  the  original  sheet. 

i3  The  United  States  Catalog,  Cumulative  Book  Index,  and  Publishers' 
Weekly. 


94          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 


Height  in  Rough  height  Example 

centimeters  in  inches 


folio  30       -f-  11% -f-  Scientific  American 

quarto  25      to  30  9%  to  11%  Congressional  Record 

octavo  20      to  25  7{f  to    9%  World's  Work 

duodecimo  17,^  to  20  (HI  to    7H  World  Almanac 

sixteenmo  15      lo  17J^  5%  to    6tf 

There  are  smaller  sizes  not  here  included. 
Various  abbreviations  for  the  terms  mentioned   are 
found  as  follows: 

folio  =  F.,  fol. 

quarto          =  Q.,  4to,  4° 
octavo          =  O.,  8vo,  8° 
duodecimo  =  D.,  12mo,  12° 
sixteenmo    =  S.,  16mo,  16° 

The  size  of  the  page  of  a  book  is  also  sometimes  given 
in  centimeters  or  inches. 

212.  Publisher's  name.  14  —  Although  the  name 
of  the  publisher  does  not  by  itself  guarantee  a  book,  it 
is  often  of  much  help  in  choosing  among  different  edi- 
tions of  the  same  work,  or,  if  a  book  must  be  bought 
without  knowledge  of  its  contents,  among  different 
books  on  the  same  subject. 

Besides  speaking  for  the  contents,  the  name  of  a  good 
publisher  means  that  a  book  is  likely  to  be  reasonably 
satisfactory  in  paper,  printing,  and  binding.  It  also 
means  that  if  a  copy  proves  imperfect,  the  publisher 
will  replace  it  or  make  it  good. 

A  publisher  may  specialize  in  books  on  one  subject 
or  in  books  which  appeal  to  a  certain  class  of  readers. 
Thus,  one  firm  will  limit  itself  to  books  on  agriculture; 
another,  a  publisher  of  text-books,  although  covering 
many  subjects  will  aim  at  reach  ing 'teachers  and  students 
rather  than  the  ordinary  reader.  Hence,  a  choice 

•   §11. 


Book  Buying  95 

among  publishers  naturally  falls  on  the  firm  with  exper- 
ience in  the  field  in  which  the  purchaser  is  interested. 

213.  American  publishers.  —  To  make  successful 
use  of  the  publisher's  name  in  buying  books  takes  con- 
siderable knowledge  of  books  and  publishers.  The  follow- 
ing list  will,  however,  give  the  beginner  the  names  of  the 
larger  reputable  publishing  houses  of  the  United  States: 

GENERAL  BOOKS:  Appleton  &  Co.;  Century  Co.; 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.;  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.;  E.  P. 
Button  &  Co.;  Harper  &  Bros.;  Henry  Holt  &  Co.; 
Houghton,  Mifflin  Co.;  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.;  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.;  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.;  A.  C.  McClurg 
&  Co.;  Macmillan  Co.;  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons;  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 

TEXT-BOOKS:  Allyn  &  Bacon;  American  Book  Co.; 
Ginn  &  Co. ;  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

The  following  general  publishers  also  publish  text- 
books: Appleton,  Holt,  Hough ton-Mifflin,  Longmans, 
Macmillan,  Scribner. 

TECHNICAL  BOOKS:  American  School  of  Correspond- 
ence15; International  Text-book  Co16;  McGraw-Hill 
Book  Co. ;  D.  Van  Nostrand  Co. ;  John  Wiley  &  Sons. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Orange  Judd  Co.  Also  Macmillan  and 
Lippincott. 

BUSINESS:    Ronald  Press.     Also  Appleton. 

DICTIONARIES:  Century  Co.;  G.  &  C.  Merriam  Co.; 
Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co. 

15  Elementary,  rather  brief  text-books  on  practical  subjects  for  home 
study.  They  are  first  published  separately  and  later  gathered  into 
sets  known  as  the  Cyclopedia  of  Automobile  Engineering,  Cyclopedia  of 
Applied  Electricity,  etc.,  and  published  over  the  name  "American 
Technical  Society",  Some  of  the  matter  in  one  of  these  cyclopedias  is 
occasionally  duplicated  in  another. 

i«  The  International  Text-Book  Co.  publishes  the  series  known  as  the 
International  Library  of  Technology  by  the  International  Correspond- 
ence School.  These  books  are  more  advanced  in  character  than  the 
American  series. 


96          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

214.  British  publishers.  —  The   following   list   in- 
cludes the  names  of  some  of  the  principal  publishers  of 
Great   Britain,   whose  books   are   frequently   found   in 
American  libraries  and  book  stores.    Some  of  these  firms 
have  American  branches  and  publish  books  by  American 
authors. 

B.  T.  Batsford;  Geo.  Bell  &  Sons;  A.  &  C.  Black; 
Wm.  Blackwood  &  Sons;  Chapman  &  Hall;  T.  &  T. 
Clark;  Archibald  Constable  &  Co.;  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co.; 
H.  Frowde;  William  Heinemann;  John  Lane;  Crosby 
Lockwood  &  Son;  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.;  Sampson 
Low,  Marston  &  Co.;  Macmillan  &  Co.;  T.  Nelson  & 
Sons;  Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.;  G.  Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons ;  Scott,  Greenwood  &  Sons ;  T.  Fisher  Unwin. 

215.  Subscription   books.  —  Books   sold   by   sub- 
scription or  through  an  agent  should  always  be  bought 
very  cautiously,  and  when  published  by  unknown  pub- 
lishers are  best  let  alone.    Subscription  books  which  are 
sold  even  by  responsible  firms  are  often  not  worth  the 
price  asked  for  them;    and  those  sold  by  irresponsible 
publishers  are  likely  to  be  worth  nothing. 

One  of  the  schemes  of  unscrupulous  publishers  is  to 
reproduce  an  out-of-date  edition  of  some  well-known 
book  and  pass  it  off  for  a  new  work,  frequently  under 
some  title  resembling  the  original.  Dictionaries  and 
encyclopedias  are  used  in  this  kind  of  swindle.  When 
such  books  are  reproduced  from  old  plates  the  fraud  is 
easily  detected,  for  with,  or  even  without,  the  aid  of  a 
magnifying  glass,  the  corners  and  thin  lines  of  letters 
will  be  seen  to  be  worn  and  broken. 

Other  impostures  are  the  "  Illustrated  Histories  of 
the  World",  etc.,  by  unknown  or  nameless  authorities. 
Then  there  are  the  so-called  "de  luxe"  editions  of  stand- 
ard sets  by  veil-known  authors.  These  will  be  published 


Book  Buying  97 

by  obscure  publishers  or  unknown  ' "societies",  gorgeously 
but  cheaply  bound  in  imitation  "morocco",  and  printed 
on  inferior  paper.  This  kind  is  often  found  in  popular 
book  auctions. 

Another  favorite  scheme  is  to  get  some  well-known 
public  man  to  lend  his  name  to  a  work  as  ' 'editor," 
contributor,  or  in  some  other  way.  His  real  connection 
with  the  work  may  be  of  the  slightest,  but  his  name  is 
nevertheless  used  to  influence  the  unwary. 

The  objection  to  the  subscription  book  is  not  merely 
that  it  is  often  ill  made,  nor  that  it  is  often  got  up  in 
bad  taste,  nor  that  its  contents  are  sometimes  worthless, 
nor  that  its  publisher  may  be  unknown.  The  great 
objection  is  that  it  is  too  often  sold  under  false  pretences 
and  by  unscrupulous  methods. 

If  an  apparently  good  bargain  presents  itself,  make  a 
note  of  the  author,  the  title,  and  the  publisher.  The 
librarian  in  charge  of  the  nearest  library  can  often  from 
practical  experience  furnish  information  or  advice  about 
purchasing. 


Appendix 
Specimen  Extracts  from  the  Dictionaries 


Appendix 

216.     Specimen  extract  from  the  Century  Dic- 
tionary. - 

seine1  (san  or  sen),  n.  [Formerly  also  sein, 
sean;  early  mod.  E.  sayne ;  <  ME.  seine,  saine, 
partly  (a)  <  AS.  segne  =  OLG.  segina,  a  seine, 
and  partly  (5)  <  OF.  seine,  seigne,  earlier  sayme, 
saime,  F.  seine  =  It.  sagena,  a  seine ;  <  L.  sagena, 
<  Gr.  cayrjvr],  a  fishing-net,  a  hunting-net.  Cf. 
sagenel,  from  the  same  source.]  A  kind  of  net 
used  in  taking  fish;  one  of  the  class  of  encir- 
cling nets,  consisting  of  a  webbing  of  network 
provided  with  corks  or  floats  at  the  upper  edge, 
and  with  leads  of  greater  or  less  weight  at  the 
lower,  and  used  to  inclose  a  certain  area  of  wa- 
ter, and  by  bringing  the  ends  together,  either 
in  a  boat  or  on  the  shore,  to  secure  the  fish  that 
may  be  inclosed.  Seines  vary  in  size  from  one  small 
enough  to  take  a  few  minnows  to  the  shad-seine  of  a  mile 
or  more  in  length,  hauled  by  a  windlass  worked  by  horses 
or  oxen  or  by  a  steam-engine.  The  largest  known  seine 
was  used  for  shad  at  Stony  Point  on  the  Potomac  in  1871 ; 
it  measured  3,400  yards,  or  nearly  2  miles;  the  lines  and 
seine  together  had  a  linear  extent  of  5  miles,  and  swept 
1,200  acres  of  river-bottom  ;  this  net  was  drawn  twice  in 
24  hours. 

The  sayne  is  a  net,  of  about  fortie  fathome  in  length,  with 
which  they  encompasse  a  part  of  the  sea,  and  drawe  the 
same  on  land  by  two  ropes  fastned  at  his  ends,  together 
with  such  fish  as  lighteth  within  his  precinct. 

R.  C'arew,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  fol.  30. 

They  found  John  Oldham  under  an  old  seine,  stark  na- 
ked, his  head  cleft  to  the  brains,  and  his  hands  and  legs 
cut.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  226. 

Cod-seine,  a  seine  used  to  take  codfish  near  the  shore, 
where  they  follow  the  caplin.— Drag-seine,  a  haul-ashore 
seine. — Draw-seine,  a  seine  which  may  be  pursed  or 
drawn  into  the  shape  of  a  bag. — Haul-ashore  seine,  a 
seine  that  is  hauled  or  dragged  from  the  shore;  a  drag- 
seine.— Shad-seine,  a  seine  specially  adapted  or  used  for 
taking  shad,  and  generally  of  great  size.  See  def. —  To 
blow  up  the  seine,  to  press  against  the  lead-line  of  a 
seine  in  the  endeavor  to  escape,  as  fish. —  To  "boat  a 
seine,  to  stow  the  seine  aboard  of  the  seine-boat  in  such 
a  manner  that  it  may  be  paid  out  without  entangling.  A 
seine  may  be  boated  as  it  is  hauled  from  the  water,  or 
after  it  has  been  hauled  and  piled  on  the  beach.  (See 
also  purse-seine. ) 

seine1  (san  or  sen),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  seined, 
ppr.  seining.  [<  seine^,  n.~\  To  catch  with  a 
seine :  as,  fish  may  be  seined. 

8eine2t.  A  Middle  English  form  of  sain  and  of 
sign. 

seine-boat  (san'bot),  n.  A  boat  specially  de- 
signed or  used  for  holding,  carrying,  or  paying 
out  a  seine. 


:  Appendix 

217.     Specimen  extract  from  the  Century  Cyclo- 
pedia of  Names.  - 

Roundheads  (round'hedz).  In  English  history, 
the  members  of  the  Parliamentarian  or  Puritan 
party  during  the  civil  war.  They  were  so  call3d  op- 
probriously  by  the  Royalists  or  Cavaliers,  in  allusion  to 
the  Puritans'  custom  of  wearing  their  hair  closely  cut, 
while  the  Cavaliers  usually  wore  theirs  in  ringlets.  The 
Roundheads  were  one  of  the  two  great  parties  in  English 
politics  first  formed  about  1641,  arid  continued  under  the 
succeeding  names  of  Whigs  and  Liberals,  as  opposed  to 
the  Cavaliers,  Tories,  and  Conservatives  respectively. 

Roundheads,  The.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Aphra 
Behn,  produced  in  1682. 

Bound  Table,  The.  In  Arthurian  legend,  a 
table  made  by  Merlin  for  Uther  Pendragon,  who 
gave  it  to  the  father  of  Guinevere,  from  whom 
Arthur  received  it  with  100  knights  as  a  wed- 
ding gift.  The  table  would  seat  150  knights.  One  seat 
was  called  the  siejre  or  seat  perilous  because  it  was  death 
to  any  knight  to  sit  upon  it  unless  he  were  the  knight 
whose  achievement  of  the  Holy  Grail  was  certain.  The 
Order  of  the  Round  Table  was  an  institution  founded  by 
King  Arthur  at  the  advice  of  Merlin.  It  was  originally 
military,  but  it  ultimately  became  amilitary  and  theocratic 
organization.  The  romances  of  the  grail  and  of  the  Round 
Table  are  closely  connected.  There  were  legends  of  the 
latter  before  1155,  but  between  1155  and  1200  several  books 
were  collectively  called  "Romances of  the  Round  Table." 
Among  the  poetic  and  prose  compositions  belonging  to 
this  cycle  are  "Parzifal  und  Titurel"  (German),  "Perce- 
val" (French),  "Morte  Arthur"  (English  and  French), 
"Lancelot  du  Lac " (French),  "Tristan "  (French),  "Life  of 
Merlin"  (French  and  English),  "Quest  of  the  Holy  Grail" 
(French  and  English), "Perceforest "  (French),"  Meliadua" 
and  "Guiron  le  Courtois  "  (French). 

Bound  Table  Conference.  Aresultless  confer- 
ence of  representatives  of  the  Gladstonian  Lib- 
erals and  Liberal-Unionists  in  1887,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  effect  a  reunion  of  the  Liberal 
party. 

Roundway  Down  (round'wa  doun).  A  place 
near  Devizes,  Wilts,  England,  at  which  the 
Parliamentary  forces  under  "Waller  were  totally 
defeated  by  the  Royalists  under  Hopton,  July 
13,  1643.  ^ 

Rouphia.    See  Alplicus. 

Rouroutou  Island.    Soo  Eurutu  Island. 

Eons,  or  Rouse  (rous),  Francis.  Born  at  Halton, 
Cornwall,  1579:  died  at  Acton,  Jan.  7,  1659. 
An  English  Puritan,  noted  as  the  author  of  a  met- 
rical version  of  the  Psalms  (1646) .  Ho  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  a  member  of  the  Long  Parliament  and  the 
Westminster  Assemblyof  Divines,  and  in  1643  was  appointed 

Srovost  of  Eton.    Hia  version  is  that  still  used  in  the  Scot- 
sh  churches. 

Rousay  (ro'sa).  One  of  the  Orkney  Islands, 
Scotland,  1  mile  north  of  Mainland.  Length,  6 
miles. 


Appendix 


103 


218.     Specimen   extract   from  Webster's    Inter- 
national Dictionary.  - 

Stare  (sta*r),  n.  [AS.  stser.  See  STABLING.]  (Zobl.) 
The  starling.  \_0bs.~\ 

Stare,  v.  i.     [_imp.  &  p.  p.  STARED  (stSrd) ;  p.  pr.  & 

vb.  n.  STARING.]    [AS.  starian;  akin  to  LG.  &  D.  staren, 

OHG.   staren,   G.   starren,  Icel.  stara ;  cf.   Icel.   stira, 

Dan.   stirre,  Sw.  stirra,  and  G.  starr  stiff,  rigid,  fixed, 

Gr.  o-repeo?  solid  (E.  stereo-},  Skr.  sthira  firm,  strong. 

V166.     Cf.  STERILE.]     1.  To  look  with  fixed  eyes  wide 

open,  as  through  fear,  wonder,  surprise,  impudence,  etc. ; 

to  fasten  an  earnest  and  prolonged  gaze  on  some  object. 

For  ever  upon  the  ground  I  see  thee  stare.       Chaucer. 

Look  not  big,  nor  stamp,  nor  stare,  nor  fret.          Shak. 

2.  To  be  verj-  conspicuous  on  account  of  size,  promi- 
nence, color,  or  brilliancy ;  as,  staring  windov.'r;  or  colors. 

3.  To  stand  out ;  to  project;  to  bristle.      [Obs.] 

Makest  my  blood  cold,  and  my  hair  to  stare.        Shak. 
Take  off  all  the  staring  straws  and  jags  in  the  hive.    Mortimer. 
Syn.  —  To  gaze  ;  to  look  earnestly.    See  GAZE. 
Stare,  v.  t.    To  look  earnestly  at ;  to  gaze  at. 

I  will  stare  him  out  of  his  wits.  Shak. 

To  stare  in  the  face,  to  be  before  the  eyes,  or  to  be  un- 
deniably evident.  ""  The  law  . .  .  stares  them  in  the  face 
whilst  they  are  breaking  it."  Locke. 

Stare,  n.  The  act  of  staring ;  a  fixed  look  with  eyes 
wide  open.  "  A  dull  and  stupid  stare."  Churchill. 

Star'er  (st^r'er),  n.     One  who  stares,  or  gazes. 
Start  (starf),  obs.  imp.  of  STARVE.  Starved.    Chaucer. 
Star'finch'  (star'flnch/),  n.    (Zool.)  The  European 
redstart. 

Star'flsh/  (-fish/),  n.     1.  (Zool.)  Any  one  of  numer- 
ous species  of    echinoderms 
belonging  to  the  class  Aste- 
rioidea,  in  which  the  body  is 
star-shaped  and  usually  has 
five  rays,  though  the  number 
of    rays  varies  from  five  to 
forty  or  more. 
The    rays    are 
often  long,  but 
i  are  sometimes 
so  short  as  to 
appear  only  as 
angles   to   tho 
disklike  body. 
Called  also  sea 
star,  Jive-Jin- 
ger,   and    stel- 
lerid. 

C^F*    T  h  e 

Jhiuroids  are 
so  sometimes 
called    star- 
fishes.   See  BRITTLE  STAR,  and  OPHIUROIDEA. 
2.  (Zool.)  The  dollar  fish,  or  butternsh. 

ale,  senate,  care,  am,  arm,  ask,  final,  a,ll;  eve, 
event,  end,Jern,  recent;  ice,  idea,  Ill^old,  obey, 
6rb,  odd  ;  use,  unite,  rude,  full,  iip,  urn ;  pity ; 
food,  fo"bt ;  out,  oil ;  chair ;  go  ;  sing,  ink ;  tnen, 
thin  ;  boN ;  zh  =  z  in  azure. 

Copyright,  1900,  by  G.  6*  C.  Merriam  Co. 


104  Appendix 

219.     Specimen  extracts  from  the  appendix  of 
Webster's  International  Dictionary.  - 

EXPLANATORY  AND  PRONOUNCING  DICTIONARY  OF  THE 
NAMES  OF  NOTED  FICTITIOUS  PERSONS,  PLACES,  ETC. 

Hec'tor  (hgk'ter).  [L.,  fr.  Gr.'E/crwp.]  In  Homer's 
"Iliad,"  one  of  the  sons  of  Priam,  and  the  bravest  of 
the  Trojan  warriors.  He  was  killed  by  Achilles,  who 
dragged  his  body  at  the  tail  of  his  chariot  three  times 
around  the  walls  of  Troy. 

Hec'u  ba  (heVu-ba).  [L.,  from  Gr.  'E/ca/Sij.]  In  Ho- 
mer's "  Iliad,"  the  wife  of  Priam,  King  of  Troy. 

Keep,  U-ri'ah  (u-rl'a  hep).  A  detestable  character 
in  Dickens's  novel  "  David  Copperfield,"  who,  under  the 
garb  of  the  most  abject  humility,  conceals  a  diabolic 
malignity.  "  I  am  well  aware  that  I  am  the  uuiblest  per- 
son going,"  said  Uriah  Heep  modestly;  "let  the  other 
be  where  he  may." 

Copyright,  1900,  byG.  er5  C.  Merriam  Co. 


A  PRONOUNCING  GAZETTEER  OR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DIC- 
TIONARY OF  THE  WORLD. 

Mississippi  (mls'Ts-sTp'pT)  riv.  U.  S.  A.  3,000  in.  long,  from  divide  few  miles 
S  of  Itasca  lake,  Minn,  to  Gulf  of  Mex.  ;  length  fr.  headwaters  of  Missouri  to 
Gulf,  3,700  m.  —  state,  S  E  U.  S.  A.  40,810  D  pop.  1,551 ,  *  Jackson.  —  co.  N  E 
Ark.  842  D  pop.  1C,  X  Osceola.  —  co.  S  E  Mo.  417  U  pop.  12,  X  Charleston. 

Missolonghi  (mls/so-lon/ge)  cml.  town,  coat,t  of  Acamania  &  ^tolia  nouie, 

Greece  ;  Byron  died  here  in  1824 10 

MiSBOUla  (niT-zoo'la)  co.  N  W  Mont.  6,385  D  pop.  14._  —  its  X  pop.  4. 

Missouri  (mTs-soo'rT  or  mtz-zoo'rT ;  locally  mtz-zoo'ru)  riv.  U.  S.  A.  about 
3,000  m.  long,  Rocky  mts.  to  Mississippi  riv.  —state,  cen.  U.  S.  A.  09,415  D 
pop.  3,107,  #  Jefferson  City. 

D  means  square  miles;  =£,  capital ;  X,  co.  seat;  agr.,  agricultural;  cml.,  commer- 
cial ;  mfg.,  manufacturing  ;  min.,  mining;  spt.,  seaport ;  tp.,  township  ;  vil.,  village. 
Population  is  given  in  nearest  thousands  :  2  =  1,500  to  2,499  ;  3  r=  2,500  to  3,499, 
etc.;  less  than  1,000  not  given.  See  Abbreviations,  p.  1919. 

Copyright,  1902,  byG.  &C.  Merriam  Co. 


A  PRONOUNCING  BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 

Lincoln  (ITn'kun),  Abraham.     16th  pres.  of  U.  S.  (1861-65) 1809—1865. 

Lincoln,  Benjamin.     American  Revolutionary  general 1733 — 1810. 

Lincoln,  Levi.     American  lawyer  and  statesman 1749—1820. 

Lincoln,  Levi.     Son  of  preceding.     American  lawyer  and  statesman 1782 — 1868. 

Lind  (ITnd),  Jenny.    Madame  Goldschmidt.     Swed ish  vocalist 1820—1 887. 

Copyright,  1902,  by  G.  &*  C.  Merriam  Co. 


Appendix 


105 


QUOTATIONS,  WORDS,  PHRASES,  PROVERBS  . 
.  .  .  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES. 

Distingue.     [F.]     Distinguished ;   eminent. 

Distrait      [F.]     Absent  in  thought ;  absent-minded. 

Direrso  intuitu.  [L.]  With  a  different  intent  or  pur- 
pose ;  in  a  different  view,  or  point  of  view  ;  by  a  dif- 
ferent course. 


FROM 


[F.]     Amusement ;  sport. 

Divide  et  impera.     [L.]     Divide  and  rule. 


Divertissement. 

'timpt.         „_._, 

Divoto.     [It.]    Devoted 


Copyright,  1890,  byG.  &C.  Merriam  Co. 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  USED  IN  WRIT- 
ING AND  PRINTING. 


D. 

D.   [L.]  Deus ;  Dominions  ;  Dux. 
D.     David  ;  Didymium ;  Dublin  ; 

Duke  ;      Duchess  ;      Dowager  ; 

Dose  ;  Dutch. 
/).,   or  d.     Day ;    Died  ;    Dime  ; 

Daughter  ;  Deputy  ;  Degree.  — 

(Denarius,     or     denarii.)      A 

penny,  or  pence. 
Da.     Davyum. 
Dan.     Danish ;  Daniel. 


E. 

E.  East ;  Eastern  (Postal  Dis- 
trict, London) ;  Earl  ;  Edin- 
burgh ;  Erbium  ;  English. 

E.,  or  e.     Eagle,  Eagles. 

en.     Each. 

Eb.     Erbium. 

Eben.     Ebenezer. 

Ebor.     (Eboracum.)    York. 

E.  C.  Eastern  Central  (Postal 
District,  London) ;  Established 
Church. 


Copyright,  1890,  byG.  &C.  Merriam  Co. 


ARBITRARY  SIGNS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


I.    ASTRONOMICAL. 


1.     SUN,   GREATER  PLANETS,   ETC. 


O  or  ©    The  Sun  ;  Sunday. 
)  (£   or  D     The  Mooii ;  Monday. 

New  Moon. 
3)     First  Quarter. 
,  or  Q     Full  Moon. 


8; 


5,  ©,  or  <$  The  Earth. 

$  Mars  ;  Tuesday. 

11  Jupiter ,  Thursday. 

^2  Saturn ;  Saturday. 

M    or  &  Uranus. 


Copyright,  1890,  byG.  6s  C.  Merriam  Co. 


For  a  summary  of  the  lists  found  in  the  Appendix  of 
Webster's  International  Dictionary,  see  the  paragraph 
on  WTebster's  International  Dictionary,  page  41. 


106  Appendix 

220.     Specimen    extract    from    Webster's    New 
International  Dictionary.  - 


Oil  (oil),  n.  [ME.  oile,  OF.  oilc,  oillc,  F.  huile,  fr.  L.  ole- 
um, fr.  Gr.  «Aaioi/.  Cf.  OLIVE.]  1.  Any  of  a  large  clais 
of  unctuous  combustible  substances  which  are  liquid,  or 
at  least  easily  liquefiable  on  warming,  and  soluble  in  ether, 
but  not  in  water.  They  are  usually  lighter  than  water  and 
soluble  also  in  alcohol.  According  to  their  origin,  oils 
are  classed  as  vegetable,  animal,  and  mineral,  oils  ;  according 
to  their  behavior  on  heating,  as  fixed,  or  fatty,  and  volatile, 
or  essential,  oils.  Most  fixed  oils  belong  chemically  to  the 
fats,  stearin  and  palmitin  usually  prevailing  in  the  solid 
oils  and  fats,  and  olein  in  liquid  ones.  See  FAT,  WAX.  The 
fixed  oils  are  classed  as  drying,  semidrying,  and  nondrying, 
oils,  according  to  the  degree  to  which  they  thicken  by  ab- 
sorbing oxygen.  The  animal  and  vegetable  oils,  fats,  and 
waxes  have  been  grouped  thus:  1.  Olive  oil  group:  vege- 
table, non-drying.  2.  Cottonseed  oil  group :  vegetable,  semi- 
drying.  3.  Linseed  oil  group :  vegetable,  drying.  4.  Castor 


low  group:  animal,  solid  fats.  9.  Whale  oil  group:  marine 
animals,  liquid  fats.  10.  Sperm  oil  group :  animal,  liquid 
waxes.  11.  Spermaceti  group:  solid  waxes.  The  origin  of 
mineral  oils  is  uncertain.  See  PETROLEUM. 


>ee  TABLE  OF  OILS  AND  FATS,  on  p.  1496. 

2.  Any  substance  of  an  oily  consistency ;  as,  oil  of  vitriol. 

3.  Art.  a  Oil  color  ;  as,  to  paint  in  oils,    to  A  painting  in 
oil  colors ;  —  usually  in  pi.  ;  as,  fine  oils.     Colloq. 

4.  Short  for  OILSKIN  :  —  usually  in  pi.     Colloq. 

oil  of  amber,  a  colorless  to  yellowish  brown  oil  of  empyreu- 
matic  odor  and  acrid  taste,  made  by  dry  distillation  of 
amber.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant,  antispas- 
modic,  and  rubefacient.  —  o.  of  bitter  almonds,  bitter-alm- 
ond oil.  See  OIL,  Table  I.  The  artificial  or  imitation  oil 
of  bitter  almonds  is  nitrobenzene.  —  o.  of  brick,  empyreu- 
matic  oil  obtained  by  subjecting  a  brick  soaked  in  oil  to 
distillation  at  a  high  temperature,  —  used  by  lapidaries  as 
a  vehicle  for  the  emery  by  wrhich  stones  and  gems  are  sawn 
or  cut.  —o.  of  cade.  SeelstCADE.—o.  of  Caoutchouc,  a  mixture 
of  hydrocarbons  obtained  by  the  dry  distillation  of  caout- 
chouc; —  called  also  caoutcho-ucin.  —  o.  of  flints,  Old  Chem., 
liquor  of  flints.  —  o.  of  mirbane,  Chem.,  nitrobenzene.  — o. 
of  myrcia.  =  BAY  OIL  a.  —  o.  of  philosophers'.  See  PHILOSO- 
PHER'S OIL.  — p.  of  spike.  See  2<i  ASPIC.  —  o.  of  talc,  a  nos- 
trum of  calcined  talc,  famous  in  the  17th  century  as  a 
cosmetic.  Obs.  —  o.  of  the  Dutch  chemists,  Old  Chem.,  ethyl- 
ene  chloride. —o.  of  vitriol,  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 
See  SULPHURIC  ACID.  —  o.  of  wine,  osnanthic  ether.  —  o.  om- 
phacine.  See  OMPHACINE. 

Oil  (oil),  v.  t.  ;  OILED  (oild) ;  OIL'ING.  1.  To  anoint  cere- 
monially with  oil.  Obs. 

2.  To  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil;  to  lubricate  with  oil; 
to  furnish  or  feed  with  oil. 

3.  Fig.    a  To  bribe;  as,  to  oil  a  person's  hand,    to  To 
make  bland  or  smooth  ;  to  flatter  ;    as,  to  oil  the  tongue. 

4.  To  turn  into,  or  make  of  the  consistence  of,  oil. 
Oil,  v.  i.    To  become  like  oil  in  consistence. 

ale,  senate,  care,  am,  account,  arm,  ask,  sofa ;  eve, 
event,  end,  recent, _maker ;  ice,  ill ;  old,  obey,  orb, 
odd,  soft,  connect;  use,  unite,  urn,  iip,  circtis;  menu. 

y  Foreign  Word,  f  Obsolete  Variant  of.  +  combined 
with.  =  equals. 

Coypright,  1909,  by  G.  &  C.  Merriam  Co. 


Appendix 


107 


Oil  beetle.  Any  beetle  of  the 
genus  Meloe  or  an  allied  ge- 
nus having  a  swollen  body 
and  short  elytra  which  over- 
lap at  the  base  instead  of 
meeting  in  a  straight  line. 
They  pass  through  more  than 
the  usual  number  of  stages  in 
their  development.  When  dis- 
turbed they  emit  from  the 
joints  of  the  legs  a  yellowish 
oily  liquid. 


Oil  berry,    a  An  olive.     Obs.    a  Oil  Beetle  (Helot  angustt- 
b  The  fruit  of  the  oil  palm.           collis).   (§)  6  Triungulin,  or 
Oil'bird',  n.     The  guacharo.          -Early  Larva,  enlarged 
Oil  blue-    A  blue  pigment,  essentially  a  sulphide  of  copper 
ground  and  mixed  with  oil. 

O'gor,  n.    —  UIOUK. 

ohm'ad    (Om'ad),  n.    =  OHM. 

ogrefe.    -fr  AORIEF. 

Obs.  or  R. 

o'gre-ish-ly,  adv.  of  OOREISH 
o'gre-iBm  (o'ge'r-Yz'm),  o'griain 
(OrgrYz'm),  n.    See  -ISM. 

ohm'-am'me'ter,    n.      A   com- 
bined ohmmeter  and  ammeter, 
ohm  mile.    Elec.  A  resistance  of 

o'gresB(5'grgs),  «.    [  F.  ogresse.] 

one  ohm  per  mile. 

Her.  —  PELLET,  n.,4. 

0.  H.  M  8.     Abbr.   On  His  (or 

o'grish,    o'griBm.        Varg.    of 

Her)  Majestv's  Service. 

OGREI3H,  OOREISM. 

Ohm's  prism      A  simple   form 

o'  Groat;,    John     (o"-gr6t'  ;    C- 

of  bipriBtn  (in  sense  a). 

grOf  ),  or  Johnny  Groat.  A  name 

l|  oh'ne  Hast',  oh'ne  Rast'  (5'nB 

which    occurs    in    the    phrase 

hast',  5'n5  rast').    [G.]    With- 

"John o'  Groat's  House,    desig- 

out baste,  without  rest  ;  -  said 

nating  an  ancient  building  for- 

of  the  sun  or  stare.     Motto  of 

merlv  situated  near  Duncansby 

Goethe. 

Head,  the  most  northerly  point 
in  Great  Britain.  John  of  Groat, 

ohnien.    f  OWN. 
O'ho-lal  (5'hC-lI  ;  C-hO'-).    D. 

or  Groot,and  his  brothers  are  saic 

Bib. 

to  have    been   Hollanders  who 
settled  in  Scotland  about  1489. 

O'ho-HMT).  D.  Bib 
o-hone'    (0-h5n').     Var.   of 

ogt.     ^  OUOHT,  n.  Sf  adv. 

OCHONE. 

og'thi-ern.  Var.  of  OGTIERN-  7?. 

Oht       •{•  AUOHT.                      [OWB.I 

ogtiern,  //.  [Ir.  og-lhierna  young 
lord.]    A  voung  lord.     Oos. 
0-gyg'e-an.    Var.  of  OGYGIAN. 
0-gyg'i-a  (0-jTj'T-d),  n.    [L.,  fr 

ohte     «f  OUGHT  ;  obs.  pret   of| 
oht-scipen.  [Cf.  ME.  ofit,  awihtt 
aught,     E      AUGHT,    -SHIP.] 
Bravery  ;  worth.     Obs. 

Gr.  'fiyvyia.]    See  CALYPSO,  1. 

ohut.    •{•  AUGHT. 

Ogyl,  r.t.   ICf.  UOLT.J   Toshud- 

ol-dem'a-touB  (oi-d?m'd-tt/s;  ol- 

der.     Ob». 

de'md-)     Var.  of  OZDEMATOUS. 

oh.    -fr  OWE.                        [(at). 

oier.    «f«  OVER. 

oh,  v.  t.  Sf  i.     To  exclaim  oh  ! 

oiez.    «f  OYEZ. 

O'had(o-'had)     Bib. 

oignement.    «f*  OINTMENT. 

0-H.B.M.B.    Abbr.  OnHisCor 

||   oi'gnon''    (A'nyfiN'),  n.  ;   pt 

Her)  Britannic  Majesty's  Serv- 

-GNOXS (-ny6x').    IF-1   Onion. 

ice. 
II  o'hef  Jam  ta'tis  eat.  [L.]  Ho 

0-i'i    (ij-e'e),    r?      fMaori.J     A 
mutton  bird  (Puffinus  gnteta) 

there  !  there  is  enough  already. 

of  New  Zealand. 

Horace,  Plautus,  Martial. 

ol'kl-o-ma'ni-a       (oi/kY-fs-m5/'. 

O'hel  (O'hBl).    Bib. 

nT-A).    Var.  of  <KCIOMANIA. 

0.  H.  G.,  or  OHG.    Abbr    Old 

oi'kiBt  (oi'kTPt),  ol'kold,   etc. 

High  German 

Vars.  of  (FOIST,  <ECOID,  etc. 

Ob-hone,    «fr  OCHONE. 

ol-koKo-gy(oi-k51'?-jT),n    [Or. 

o-hi'a(5-h5'a),  n.    [Hawaiian.] 

olxo?  house  +  -logy.}    1.   Var. 

*  Any  of  several  timber  trees  of 

Of  ECOLOGY. 

the  genus  Metro»idero».    b  Ma- 

2. The  science  of  housekeeping: 

lay  apple.  Hawaii,     [buckeye. 

household  economics.        [Ob$.\ 

Ohio  buckeye.     The  yellow 

oil,  n.    LCf.  OLIO.]    =  OLIO,  l.| 

food,  fo^ot ;  out,  oil ;  chair ;  go ;  sing,  irjk ;  tfeen, 
thin  ;  nature,  vercture  (250);  K  =  ch  in  G.  ich,  ach 
(144) ;  boiT;  yet ;  zh  =  z  in  azure.  Numbers  refer  to 
§§  in  GUIDE. 

Full  explanations  of  Abbreviations,  Signs,  etc.,  Imme- 
diately precede  the  Vocabulary. 

Copyright,  1909.  by  G.  &C.  Merriam  Co. 


The  gazetteer,  biographical  dictionary,  and  list  of  arbi- 
trary signs  are  similar  in  form  to  the  corresponding  lists 
in  the  appendix  of  Webster's  International  Dictionary. 

See  Section  219. 


108  Appendix 

221.     Specimen  extract  from  the  Standard  Dic- 
tionary. — 


de-serf,  dg-zgrt',  v.  I.  t.  1 .  To  depart  from  or  leave 
permanently,  as  a  place  where  one  is  wont  or  expected  to 
remain,  or  a  person  having  legal  or  moral  claims  upon 
one;  forsake;  especially,  to  abandon  without  regard  to 
the  welfare  of  the  abandoned:  commonly  with  an  impli- 
cation of  blame;  as,  to  desert  one's  family.  2.  Mil.  To 
forsake  in  violation  of  one's  oath  or  orders,  as  a  service, 
post,  etc.;  abscond  from;  as,  to  desert  one's  regiment  or 
one's  colors. 

The  Roman  sentry  .  .  .  stood,  amid  the  crashing  elements;  he 
had  not  received  the  permission  to  desert  his  station  and  escape. 
BULWER-LYXTON  Last  Days  of  Pompeii  bk.  v,  ch.  6,  p.  275. 

[MUN.  &  CO.] 

II.  i.  To  forsake  a  post  or  station  without  leave,  espe- 
cially in  military  or  naval  service;  run  away.  [<  F.  de- 
serter, <  LL.  deserto,  <  L.  desero,  <  de,  from,  +  eero, 
join.] 

Synonyms :  see  ABANDON;  ABDICATE. 

des'ert,  dez'e,rt,  a.  1.  Like  a  desert;  uninhabited;  bar- 
ren; waste;  as,  a  desert  place:  used  also  figuratively;  as, 
desert  souls.  JJ.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  desert;  as,  desert 
fauna  or  flora;  desert  tribes.  [OF.,  <  L.  desertus,  pp.  of 
desero;  see  DESERT,  v.] 
Synonyms:  eeeAKio. 

des'erl1,  n.  Geoff.  A  region  that  is  wholly  or  approxi- 
mately without  vegetation.  Such  regions  are  rainless, 
usually  sandy,  and  commonly  not  habitable. 

Scorched  by  the  sun  and  furnace^brealh 

Of  the  red  desert's  wind  of  death. 

\\IIITTIEB  Derne  et.  7. 

Compounds :— des'ertschoiigh",  n.  A  short-winged 
fregiliue  bird  or  chough  (genus  Podoces)  of  central  Asia.— 
d.sialcon,  n.  A  falcon  (subgeuus  Genn&a),  as  a  lanner 
or  saker. — d.shnrr,  n.  A  variety  of  the  cottontail  (Lepus 
sylvaticuSfV&T.  arizonse)  found  in  the  southwestern  United 
States.—  d.slynx,  n.  The  caracal.— d.smouse,  n.  A 
fleld=mouse  (Calomys  ere- 
miens)  of  the  plains  of  the 
western  United  States.— d.s 
i«nake,  n.  A  sand»snake  of 
Psammophis  or  a  related  ge-  / 
nus.— d.»willow,  n.  A  small  i 
American  tree  ( Chilopsis  sa-  \ 
ligna),  with  long  white  or  I 
purplish  flowers. 
dc-sert/a,  de-zgrt',  n.  1. 
The  state  of  deserving  re-  The  Desert, lynx  (Felts 
ward  or  punishment;  merit  caracal).  i/la 

or  dement,  but  often  limited  to  the  former  when  used 
without  qualification;  as,  desert  sometimes  fails  of  its 
reward. 

Here  Alexander  assembled  all  the  provernora  of  provinces  .  .  . 
and  rewarded  or  punished  them  according  to  their  deserts. 

KEIGIITLEY  Greece  pt.  iii,  ch.  3,  p.  114.  [n.  &  CO.] 
2.  That  which  is  deserved  or  merited:  often  used  in  the 
plural;  as,  some  men  fail  to  get  their  desci'ts. 

Give  them  after  the  \vork  of  their  hands;  render  to  them  their 
desert.  Psalm  xxviii,  4. 

[<  OF.  deserte,  <  deservir;  see  DESERVE.] 

sofa,  arm,  ask;  at,  fare,  accord ;  ,el§mgnt,  fir  =  ov«% 
eight,  g  =  usage;  tin,  machine,  £  =  r«new;  obey, 
no;  not,  nor,  atom;  full,  rule;  but,  burn;  aisle;  au 
=  out',  oil;  iii  =  feud,  |u  =  futwre;  c  =  k;  cliurch; 
dli  =  the;  go,  sing,  ink;  so;  thin;  zh  =  azure; 
F.  bon,  diine.  <>from;  t,  obsolete;  J,  variant. 

From  "A  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language." 

Copyright,  1S9S-1900,  by  the  Funk  <fe  W agnails  Company \ 

New  York  and  London. 


Appendix  109 

222.  Specimen  extract  from  the  Appendix  of 
the  Standard  Dictionary.  - 

PROPER  NAMES  OF  ALL  KINDS  WITH 
THEIR  PRONUNCIATION. 

Pic-tou',  pic-tu'.  1.  Co.;  Nova  Scotia  prov.,  Can.;  1,125  D; 
p.  33,459.  2.  Its  *;  p.  3,325;  port  of  entry;  coal. 

Pic'tured  Rocks,  cliffs;  S.  snore  Lake  Superior,  School- 
craft  co.,  Mich.;  eroded  figures  on  sea*face;  resort. 

Pi'cus,  pai'cus  [Ttora.  Myth.'],  king  of  Latium;  f.  of  Faunus; 
turned  into  a  woodpecker  by  Circe.  Pi'kost  [Gr.]. 

Pidg'eon  Peak,  Col.,  mt;  13,928ft. 

Piea'mont,  pid'mont.  1.  Former  principality;  It.;  *  Turin; 
now  A  lessandrla,  Cuneo,  Novara,  and  Torino  provinces.  2. 
VII.;  Calhoun  co.,  Ala.;  p.  1,745.  3.  Town;  Mineral  co.,  W. 
Va.;  p.  2,115. 

Pied  Pi'per  of  Ha'meln  or  Haine'lin,  ham'lin,  In  old 
German  legend,  a  wandering  minstrel  who  rid  the  town  of 
Hameln  in  Brunswick  of  its  pest  of  rats  by  playing  on  his 
pipe,  and,  when  the  agreed  recompense  was  refused,  by 
entrancing  music  drew  the  children  of  the  town  after  him 
into  a  hill;  celebrated  in  a  poem  by  Robert  Browning. 

Pierce,  plrs.  1.  Frank'l in  [1804-1869],  14th  President  of 
the  U.  S.  2.  George  Fos'ter  [1811-18841,  Am.  M.  E. 
bishop.  3.  Co.;  S.  E.  Ga.;  518  n;  p.  8,100;  0  Blackshear.  4. 
Co.;  N.  E.  Neb.;  568  n;  p.  8,445;  O  Pierce.  5.  Co.;  N.  N. 
Dak.;  1,008  D;  p.  4,765;  0  Rugby.  6.  Co.;  W.  cen.  Wash.; 
1,554  n;  p.  35,515;  0  Tacoma.  7.  Co.;  W.  Wts.;  548  n;  p.  23,943; 
©  Ellsworth.  8.  City;  Lawrence  co.,  Mo.;  p.  2,151. 

sofa,  «jm,  ask;  at,  fare,  Accord;  e]eme.nt,  er=  over, 
eight,  e  =  usage;  tin,  machine,  i  =  renew;  obey, 
no;  not,  nor,  atom;  full,  rule;  but,  burn;  aisle;  ail 
=  oui\  oil;  iii  =  fewd,  ill  =  futwre;  c  =  k;  church; 
dli  =  the;  go,  sing,  ink;  so;  thin;  zh  =  azure; 
F.  boii,  diinc.  <,  from;  t,  obsolete;  t,  variant. 

D ,  square  miles.     * ,  capital.    © ,  county»seat. 

From  "A  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language" 

Copyright,  1893-1909,  by  the  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Company, 

New  York  and  London. 

For  a  summary  of  the  lists  found  in  the  Appendix 
of  the  Standard  Dictionary,  see  the  paragraph  on  the 
Standard  Dictionary,  page  40. 


110  Appendix 

223.     Specimen  extract  from  the  New  Standard 
Dictionary.— 

ab-surd',  1  ab-surd';  2  fib-sOrd',  a.  1.  Opposed  to 
manifest. tryith  or  propriety;  inconsistent  with  reason 
or  common  sense;  unworthy  of  serious  consideration; 
logically  contradictory;  irrational;  as,  an  absurd  prop- 
osition. 2.  Talking,  acting,  or  reasoning  in  a  manner 
inconsistent  with  common  sense  or  propriety;  gro- 
tesque; ridiculous.  3.  Philos.  &  Logic.  Contradictory 
of  some  established  rational  principle;  contradicting  its 
own  major  premise.  4f»  Discordant;  not  in  tune. 
[  <  L.  absurdus,  <  ab-  (intens.)  -f  surdus,  deaf.] 

Syn.:  anomalous,  chimerical,  erroneous,  false,  foolish.  Ill- 
advised,  Ill-considered,  ill-judged,  Inconclusive,  Incorrect, 
Infatuated,  Irrational,  mistaken,  monstrous,  nonsensical, 
paradoxical,  preposterous,  ridiculous,  senseless,  silly,  stupid, 
unreasonable,  wild.  That  Is  absurd  which  Is  contrary  to 
the  first  principles  of  reasoning;  as,  that  a  part  should  be 
greater  than  the  whole  Is  absurd.  A  paradoxical  statement 
appears  at  first  thought  contradictory  or  absurd,  while 
It  may  be  really  true.  Anything  Is  irrational  when  .clearly 
contrary  to  sound  reason,  foolish  when  contrary  to  prac- 
tical good  sense,  silly  when  petty  and  contemptible  In 
its  folly,  erroneous  when  containing  error  that  vitiates  the 
result,  unreasonable  when  there  seems  a  perverse  bias  or 
an  Intent  to  go  wrong.  Afons/rows.and  preposterous  refer  to 
what  Is  overwhelmingly  absurd;  aa.  "O  monstrous!  eleven 
buckram  men  grown  out  of  two,"  SHAKESPEARE  1  King 
Henry  IV.  act  1U  sc.  4.  The  ridiculous  or  the  nonsensical 
Is  worthy  only  to  be  laughed  at.  The  lunatic's  claim  to  be 
a  king  Is  ridiculous;  the  Mother  Goose  rimes  are  non- 
sensical. See  IDIOTIC;  INCONGRUOUS;  INSANE;  RIDICU- 
LOUS.— Ant.:  certain,  consistent,  demonstrable,  demon- 
strated, established,  incontestable,  Incontrovertible,  Indispu- 
table, Indubitable,  Infallible,  logical,  rational,  reasonable, 
sagacious,  sensible,  sound,  substantial,  true,  undeniable,  un- 
questionable, wise.—  ab-surd',  n. ,  (Rare.]  An  absurdity;  a 
person  or  thing  that  Is  absurd.—  -ly,  adv.—  -ness,  n. 

ab-surd '1-ty,  1  ab-surd'i-ti;  2  ab-surd'i-ty,  n.  (-TIES, 
1  -tiz;  2  -ti§,  pi.}  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ab- 
surd; absurdness.  2.  A  contradiction  of  obvious  truth 
or  sound. reason;  an  absurd  act,  statement,  habit,  or 
thing.  [  <  L.  ab8urdita(t-)»;  see  ABSURD.] 

The  idea  of  being  both  a  bad  man  and  a  good  citizen  is  an  «&- 
turditv.  MILLS  Science  of  Politics  ch.  5.  p.  31.  IF.  *  w.  1887. J 

ab-sur'dnm,  1  ab-sur'dum;  2  ab-sur'dum,  n.    (L.J    An  ab- 
surd or  illogical  conclusion  or  condition. 
—  reductto  ad  absurdum,  see  KEDUCTIO. 

ab'sus,  1  ab'sus;  2  ab'sus.  n.  Dot.  A  species  of  Cassia 
(C.  absus),  or  ita  bitter  aromatic  seeds,  used  In  Egypt 
for  ophthalmia. 

Ab-syr'tus,  i  ab-suVtus;  2  ab-syr'tus.  n.  Gr.  Myth.  Brother 
of  Medea,  dismembered  and  cast  Into  the  Adriatic,  whence 
Ab-syr'tl-deg,  1  -ti-dlz;  2  -tl-dCg,  Islands  in  the  Adriatic. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  Apsyrtus.] 

Abt,  1  apt;  2  apt,  Franz  Wilhelm  ("/>il819-»/ail885).  A 
German  music«composer;  song-writer 

abt.t  abbr.     About. 

ab-ter'ml-nal,  1  ab-tuVmi-nal;  2  Sb-teVmt-nal,  a. 
Physiol.  Passing  from  the  end  or  ends  of  a  muscle  to 
the  middle  part:  said  of  an  electric  current.  [<  AB-; 
and  see  TERMINAL.] 

1 :  artistic,  firt ;  fat,  fare ;  fast ;  get,  prfcy ;  hit,  police ;  obey ,  gd ;  not,6r ;  f  ull.  rQle ;  but,  bOrn. 
2:  art, ape, f at,f are, fast, what, all ;  ing, g£t, f>rey, fern;  hit, Ice ;  i= 6 ;  i = e ; gO, ndt, Orf  w6n, 
1:  a  =  final;  1  =  habit;  aisle;  au  =  o«t;  ell;  10  =  feud;  ifliin;  go;  g  =  sin<7;  Chin,  this. 
2:  wolf.Mo;  btf&k,l*R)t;  full,  r«le,  cQre,  but, burn;  dil,  bdy;  go,  fcem;  ink;  thin,  this. 


/  Ike  "New  Stundard   Dictionary  of  the  English  LdHHiuixc."     Copyright,  1913, 
by  the.  1'iuik  &•  II  '<;.;. ;//;//.  <  .    New    Y»rk   tni, I  LI.IK'OH. 


INDKX 

Abbreviations,  13;  binding,  (.)2  9)5;  book  sizes,  (.M;  catalogue,  2f>. 
2S  21);  explanatory,  K>  11;  miscellaneous,  b">  l(i;  months,  72; 
reference,  11  lf>;  omitted  in  making  references,  lf>. 

Advertisements,  publishers',  85 

American   Library  Association,   Booklist  ,  (.»0;    Catalog,  89   1H);    (  . 

lot*  SujjpK'nuMit,  90. 
American  jtnldishers,  (.).r). 

American  School  of  Correspondence  text  -hooks,  '.).")  note  !-">. 
Analytic  catalogue  cards,  ~'.\   '2\. 
Annual  Library   Index,  < 
Animal  Magazine  Subject-Index,  70. 

Api/endix  of  a  book,  9. 

~  of  a  dictionary,  ,*>7;    specimen  extracts,   KM    I  Of),   KM). 
Arabic  numerals  in  pa.uini;,  f>. 
Archaeology,  reference  book,    \()-47. 
ArranL',c-nient  of  books  in  libraries,   17   20. 
Aliases,  -IS   f)l  ;    indexes,  f)  1. 
Author,  critical  study  of,  <>  note. 

Author  Card  in  catalogue,  21,  2'J;    arrangement,  2f>. 
Author  numlu  r,   1'.). 
Auth(jr's  name,  si,i;nitican<-e,  (i. 


y.     Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  f>l  ;   Standard  Cyclo- 

pedia of  1  lorticullure,  f)2. 

Bartholomew.      Literary  and  historical  atlases,  •!'.),  f>  1  . 
Bartlett.      l'"amiliar  Quotations,  f>2   f>:j. 

Bibliography,  definition,  f>s. 

Bibliographies,  encyclopedia,  '>2;    making  simj)lc,  2s,  72;   source  in 

reference  work,  7^;    uses,  f>S;    working,  7-1-77. 
I^'ndini;-,  abbreviations,  (.)2  °-'>;    marks  of  i;ood,  t)2;    processes,    I    2; 

terms,    (.)2   -//^:    //. 
r>i<v<ra])hy,   arr.in.L;ement    in    libraries,   20;     catalogue  cards,   2.">,   2(i; 

collective'  and  individual,  20  nole\    refei'encc  book-.,  -17-   Is. 
Bliss.      New  JCncyclopedia  of  Social  Reform,  M. 


112  Index 

Book,  binding  processes,  1-2;  body,  9;  care,  3-4;  effects  of  ill- 
treatment,  2-3;  finding  by  call  number,  20,  28;  judging  without 
reading,  12;  noting  for  future  reference,  16;  opening  a  new,  3; 
points  in  buying,  91-94;  printed  parts,  5-12;  structure,  1. 

Book  agents,  €6-97. 

Book  buying,  91-97. 

Book  Review  Digest,  88. 

Book  reviews,  85-89;  differences,  86-87;  essentials,  87;  finding, 
87-88;  indexes  for,  88-89;  magazines  containing,  61-66J 
88  note  S;  uses,  86. 

Book  sizes,  93-94. 

Books,  abbreviations  for  describing,  28-29,  92-93,  94;  arrangement 
in  libraries,  17-20;  sources  of  information  about,  85-91. 

Brewer.  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  54;  Readers'  Handbook, 
54. 

Brookings  and  Ringwalt.     Briefs  for  Debate,  83. 

Call  number,  17;  arrangement  of  books  by,  19;  finding  books  by,  20, 

28  note'  on  catalogue  card,  22. 
Card  catalogue,  21-29;  abbreviations,  25,  28-29;   arrangement,  24- 

25;  using,  27-28. 
Card  system,  for  catalogue  references,  28;   for  magazine  references, 

72,  working  bibliography,  74. 

Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh.     Debate  Index,  S3. 
Cased  books,  1,  2. 
Catalogue  cards,  21-24,  26-27. 
Century  Atlas,  39. 

Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names,  38-39;  extract,  102. 
Century  Dictionary,  38-39;    compared  with  other  dictionaries,  42- 

43;    extract,  101. 

Chambers's  Cyclopedia  of  English  Literature,  54. 
Champlin.     Young  folks'  cyclopaedias,  35. 
( lass  number,  17. 
Classification,  17-18. 
Collective  biography,  20  note. 
Comparison  of  dictionaries,  42-43. 
Concordance,  52  note. 

Congress,  Library  of.     See  Library  of  Congress. 
Congressional  Directory,  Official,  46. 
Congressional  Record,  81. 
Contents,  table  of,  8;    compared  with  index,  10. 


Index  113 

Copyright  date,  8. 

Correspondence  school  text-books,  95  notes. 

Country  life,  magazines,  64-65. 

Craig.     Pros  and  Cons,  83. 

Cross  references,  12-13;  abbreviations,  13-16;  abbreviations  omitted 

15;    catalogue,  24. 
Cumulative  Book  Index,  91. 
Current  events,  magazines,  65-66. 
Cutter  author  number,  19  note. 
Cutter  expansive  classification,  17  note. 

Date,  copyright,  8;   importance  in  reference  work,  31;   title-page,  8. 

Debaters'  Handbook  Series,  83. 

Debating,  books,  81-84;  choosing  question,  78-80;  reference  work, 
73-74;  sociology  magazines,  62  note  6;  special  reference  material, 
80-81;  study  of  authorities,  6  note;  use  of  library  in,  78-81; 
working  bibliography,  74-77. 

Definitions  in  dictionaries  compared,  42-43. 

Dewey  decimal  classification,   17-18. 

Dictionaries,  compared,  42-43;  extracts,  101-110;  important,  38- 
41. 

Dictionary,  35-43;  appendix,  37;  compared  with  encyclopedia,  33; 
proper  names  in,  37;  study  and  use,  37-38;  supplement  of 
new  words,  37;  term  applied  to  other  reference  books,  35  note  7. 

Dictionary  of  National  Biography.     Index  and  Epitome,  47. 

Domestic   science,   magazines,   64. 

Duodecimo,  term  explained,  93  note  12,  94. 

Economics,  magazines,  62  note  6. 

Edition,   meaning  and  significance  of  term,  7. 

Education,  magazines,  63;   U.  S.  government  bulletins,  67. 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  33-34. 

Encyclopedia,  31-35;    rules  for  using,  33. 

Encyclopedia  Americana,  35. 

Encyclopedias,  important,  33-35. 

Engineering  Index,  63. 

English  books,  7;   copyright  date  wanting,  8  note  7 ;   distinguishing 

mark,  7  note  5;  publishers,  96;  reviewed  in  English  magazines, 

88  note  3; 
Etymology,  36-37;  compared  in  different  dictionaries,  42. 


114  Index 

Farmers'  Bulletins,  67. 

Fiction,  arrangement,  19—20;  call  number  lacking,  17,  19-20. 

Finding  list,  28,  72. 

Fine  arts,  magazines,  65. 

Folio,  term  explained,  93  note  12,  94. 

Footnotes,  9. 

Foster,  W.  H.     Debating  for  Boys,  81-82. 

Foster,   W.  T.     Argumentation  and   Debating,   82;     Essentials  of' 

Exposition    and    Argument,  82. 

Freeman  and  Chandler.     World's  Commercial  Products,  52. 
Full-bound,  term  explained,  92  note  11. 

Geography,  reference  books,  48-51. 

Government,  reference  books,  46. 

Government  publications,  indexed  in  magazine  indexes,  67;  useful 

in  debating,  80-81.     See  also  United  States. 
Guide  cards  in  catalogues,  24. 
Guide  letters.     See  Guide  words. 
Guide  words,  catalogue,  24,  25;   dictionary,  38;   encyclopedia,  32. 

Half-bound,  term  explained,  92  note  11. 

Harper's  Book  of  Facts,  56. 

Harper's  Dictionary  of  Classical  Literature  and  Antiquities,  46-47. 

Harper's  Encyclopedia  of  United  States  History,  57. 

Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates,  56. 

Heading,  term  defined,  21  note. 

Henry.     How  to  Organize  and  Conduct  a  Meeting,  8-1. 

History,  catalogue  arrangement,  25;   reference  books,  56-57. 

Hoyt.     Cyclopedia  of  Practical  Quotations,  53. 

Illustrations,  list  of,  9. 

In  print,  term  explained,  90  note  9. 

Inclusive  page  numbers,  10. 

Index,   10-12;   atlas,  51;  concordance,  52;   magazine  volumes,  59; 

poetry,  11;    quotations,  52-53;   rules  for  using,  11-12;   set,  11. 

See  also  Magazine  Indexes. 
Individual  biography,  20. 
Industrial  Arts  Index,  71. 
Intercollegiate  Debates,  83. 

International  Library  of  Technology,  95  note  16. 
International  Dictionary,  41. 


Index  115 

Introduction  of  a  book,  9. 

Judging  a  book  without  reading  it,  12. 

Larned.     History  for  Ready  Reference,  56-57. 

Laycock  and  Spofford.     Manual  of  Argumentation,  82. 

Library  of  Congress,  catalogue  cards,  26-27;  reference  lists,  83. 

Lippincott's  Biographical   Dictionary,  47. 

Lippincott's  New  Gazetteer,  48. 

Lists,  card,  28,  72;   finding,  28,  72;  working  bibliography,  74-77. 

Literature,  magazines,  65;    reference  books,  52-55. 

Low  and  Pulling.     Dictionary  of  English  History,  57. 

McLaughlin  and  Hart.     Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  46. 
Magazine  indexes,  68-72;    miscellaneous  publications  included,  66- 

68;   rules  for  using,  71-72;   special  subjects,  71. 
Magazine  Subject- Index,  70-71. 
Magazines,   59-66;     country    life,   64-65;    current   events, .  65-66; 

domestic  science,   64;    economics,   62  note  6;    education,   63; 

fine  arts,   65;     general,   61;    geographically   limited,   61;     list, 

60-66;    literature,  65;    reviews,  62;   science,  63;   sociology,  62; 

sport,  65;    study  of,  60;    useful  arts,  63-64. 
Map,  locating  places  on,  50-51. 
Matson.     References  for  Literary  Workers,  84. 
Mill.     International  Geography,  48. 
Moulton.     Library  of  Literary  Criticism,  54-55. 

New  International  Dictionary.     See  Webster's  New  International 

Dictionary. 

New  International  Encyclopedia,  34-35. 
New  International  Year  Book,  35. 
New  Standard  Dictionary,  40;    compared  with  other  dictionaries, 

42-43;    extract,   110. 
New  words,  dictionary  supplement,  37. 
Newspapers,  book  notices,  85;    use  in  debating,  80. 
Note  taking,  77-78;  of  author  and  title,  16. 

Octavo,  term  explained,  93  note  12,  94. 
Official  Congressional  Directory,  46. 
Out  of  print,  term  explained,  80  note  9. 


116  Index 

Page  sizes,  93-94. 

Parliamentary  law,  books,  84. 

Part  of  book,  catalogue  card,  23-24. 

Periodical  indexes.     See  Magazine  indexes. 

Periodicals.     See  Magazines. 

Phelps.     Debater's  Manual,  82. 

Physical  points  of  books,  91—94. 

Place  of  publication,  significance,  7. 

Ploetz.     Manual  of  Universal  History,  57. 

Poole's  Index,  68-69;   index  to  book  reviews,  89. 

Preface,  significance,  8. 

Pronunciation,  in  dictionary,  36;  in  different  dictionaries,  42. 

Proper  names,  Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names,  38-39,  102;  diction- 
ary, 37;  repeated  in  library  catalogues,  25;  in  -encyclopedias, 
32,  in  reference  books,  31. 

Publication,  place  of,  7. 

Publishers,  American,  95;   British,  96. 

Publishers'  advertisements  of  books,  85. 

Publisher's  name,  significance,  7-8;   use  in  book  buying,  94-95. 

Quarto,  term  explained,  93  note  12,  94. 
Question  for  debate,  choosing,  78-80. 

Rand,  McNally  and  Co.     Library  Atlas  of  the  World,  48-49. 

Readers'  Guide,  69-70;  index  to  book  reviews,  88;   Supplement,  70. 

Reference  abbreviations,  14-15. 

Reference  books,  30-58;  archaeology,  46;  bibliographies  as,  58; 
biography,  47-48;  defined,  30;  debate  sources,  80;  dictionary, 
35-43;  encyclopedia,  31-35;  geography,  48-51;  government, 
46;  history,  56-57;  literature,  52-55;  sociology,  43-44;  sources 
of  information  concerning  authors,  etc.,  6  note  3,  60  note  1; 
special,  43;  statistics,  44-45;  study  and  use,  30-31;  text- 
books as  substitutes,  57. 

Reference  work,  73-74. 

References  at  chapter  ends,  9. 

Reviews  (magazines),  62;   British,  62  note  5. 

Reviews  (of  books).     See  Book  reviews. 

Ringwalt.     Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  84. 

Robbins.     High  School  Debate  Book,  84. 

Robert,  H.  M.     Rules  of  Order,  84. 

Robert,  J.  T.     Primer  of  Parliamentary  Law,  84. 


Index  117 

Roman  numerals  in  paging,  5. 

Science,  magazines,  63. 

Series,  term;   denned,  23  note. 

Sets  of  books,  indexes  to,  11. 

Shelf  list,  21. 

Shepherd.     Historical  Atlas,  49. 

Shorthand  signs  for  notes,  78  note. 

Sixteenmo,  term  explained,  94. 

Sizes  of  books,  93-94. 

Societies,    proceedings    mentioned    in    magazine    indexes,    67-68; 

publications  in  debate  work,  81. 
Sociology,  magazines,  62;    reference  book,  43. 
Special  magazine  indexes,  71. 
Special  reference  books,  43-57. 
Sports,  magazine,  65. 
Standard    Dictionary,    39-40;     compared   wi^h    other   dictionaries, 

42-43;    extract,  108;   extract  from  Appendix,  109. 
Statesman's  Year-Book,  44. 
Statistical  Abstract  of  the  United  States,  45. 
Statistics,  Labor  Statistics  Bureau  Bulletins,  67;    reference  books, 

44-45. 

Stedman  and  Hutchinson.     Library  of  American  Literature,  55. 
Stieler.     Atlas  of  Modern  Geography,  49. 
Structure  of  a  book,  1. 
Subject   cards  in  catalogues,   22,   23;    details  of  arrangement  for 

certain    subjects,    25;     distinguishing    marks    for    biography, 

criticism  or  bibliography,  26;    when  made,  23. 
Subscription  books,  96-97. 

Table  of  contents,  8-9;  compared  with  index,  10. 

Text-books  as  reference  books,  67. 

Thomas.     Manual  of  Debate,  82. 

Three-quarter  bound,  term  denned,  92  note  1L 

Title,  significance,  5—6. 

Title  card  in  catalogue,  21.  22:   when  made,  22-23. 

Title-page,  5-8. 

Twelvemo.     See  Duodecimo. 

United  States.     Agriculture  Department.     Farmers'   Bulletins,  67; 
Year  Book,  67. 


118  Index 

United  States.     Census  Bureau.     Thirteenth  Census.     Abstract,  45. 

—  Commerce  Department.     Statistical  Abstract  of  the  U.  S.,  45. 
Congress.     Official  Congressional  Directory,  46. 

—  Education  Bureau.     Bulletins,  67. 

—  Labor  Statistics  Bureau.     Bulletins,  67. 

United  States  Catalog,  90-91;    Cumulative  Book  Index,  91. 
United   States   government   publications,    in  debate   work,   80-81; 

in  magazine  indexes,  67.     See  also  heading,  United  States. 
University  Debaters'  Annual,  84. 
Useful  arts,   magazine  indexes,   71;     magazines,   63-64;    reference 

books,  51-52. 

Ward.     Grocer's  Encyclopedia,  52. 

Warner.     Library  of  the  World's  Best  Literature,  55. 

Webster's    International    Dictionary,    41;     compared    with    other 

dictionaries,  42-43;    extract,  103;   extract  from  Appendix,  104- 

105. 
Webster's  New  International  Dictionary,  41;    compared  with  other 

dictionaries,  42-43;   extract,  106-107. 
Who's  Who,  47. 
Who's  W7ho  in  America,  47-48. 
Working   bibliography,    74-77;     abbreviations,    76-77;     essentials, 

74-75;     forms,    75-76. 
World  Almanac,  44-45. 


£,••••'.         x.  •••' 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY  , 


